Cited by 4Biblical Studies and InterpretationReligion, Theology, History, Judaism, ChristianityPolitical Theology and Sovereignty

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 48 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Aspekti razvoja židovske političke mesijanske misli nakon Bar Kohbina ustanka

Open access
Havel, Boris·2020·Obnovljeni život

Abstract

Iskustvo Drugoga židovskoga ustanka protiv Rimljana znatno je utjecalo na susljedni razvoj židovske misli u pitanjima mesijanizma i eshatologije. Mesijanizam je u srednjostrujaškom židovstvu postao pasivan, što se odrazilo na političke ambicije obnove židovske državnosti, koje su nakon 135. skoro potpuno splasnule. Posljedice ustanka zbog židovskoga su shvaćanja povijesti kao relevantne za teološku epistemologiju dovele do vjerski utemeljenoga političkoga kvijetizma, zbog kojega je vjerski židovski stav prema cionizmu sve do nedavno odražavao izrazitu nesklonost. Do promjene u tom stavu počelo je dolaziti iz istoga razloga, a to je povijesno iskustvo osnutka i obrane Države Izrael.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper argues that the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE) transformed Jewish messianic thought from an active, political, state-building messianism into a passive, eschatological, quietist one that shaped rabbinic Judaism for nearly two millennia. It further argues that the same method of reading history theologically — which produced this quietism — later re-ignited an activist messianism after the establishment and defense of the State of Israel.

Key findings

  • Before Bar Kokhba, messianism was "historical": the Messiah's mission was political, pragmatic, national and redemptive, with the Jewish people actively participating in political processes; after 135 it became "eschatological," tied to the end of history rather than to intervention within it (following Sanders, 2006, 235–236).
  • The revolt's aftermath produced a faith-based political quietism: exile (*galut*) was read as divine punishment to be patiently borne, speculating about the Messiah's timing was forbidden (Kedourie, 1988, 288), and mass organized return to Zion was seen by most rabbis as defiance of God.
  • Active messianism became "almost a form of heresy," which is given as a key reason religious Jewish attitudes toward political Zionism were strongly negative for decades; statehood was framed as a religious, not political, question.
  • The same historical-theological method later reversed this: after 1948 and especially 1967, debate reopened over whether the messianic era had begun, with Heschel calling the State of Israel's creation "like the miracle of the parting of the Red Sea" (Heschel, 1987, 203–204), and a new Zionist messianism appearing in attitudes toward settling Judea and Samaria.

Methods

  • Historical-theological essay / conceptual analysis, not an empirical study; no dataset or sample.
  • Sources are secondary literature and primary religious texts: rabbinic literature (Mishna, Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds, e.g. BT Sanhedrin 98a–98b; JT Ta'anit 24a), Maimonides' thirteen principles, and modern scholarship (Klausner, Scholem, Schürer, Silver, Greenstone, Sanders, Gordon, Da-Don, Goldwater, and others).
  • Main analytic move: comparing pre- and post-Bar Kokhba messianism, and tracing how historical experience was encoded into rabbinic texts and thereby into normative theology.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the shift from "historical" to "eschatological" messianism is not attributed to the Bar Kokhba experience in Jewish religious texts themselves but is *read out of* them, so it would be hard to claim the revolt is a sharp dividing line; it is a transition between two general conceptions, and messianic thought was multilayered, complex, mobile and sometimes ambiguous both before and after.
  • The author notes the revolt is linked to other historical processes predating it (Babylonian exile, life without political power in Judea, Hellenization, Hasmonean upheavals, the First Revolt, loss of the Temple, diaspora growth, the rise of Christianity), which complicates any single-cause account.
  • Evident from the text (not stated as a limitation by the author): the argument rests on interpretive synthesis of secondary scholarship rather than new primary-source evidence, and the concluding claim linking this history to contemporary Israeli politics is asserted rather than demonstrated empirically.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.31337/oz.75.2.5

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

48 Own interpretation · 34 Sources not found · 20 No basis given · 9 No full text of the sources · 6 Not checked yet

Show all 57 claims

  • Probably not a substantial claim. 35
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 40
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
60 of 60
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Židovsko shvaćanje povijesti relevantno je za teološku epistemologiju.

    “Posljedice ustanka zbog židovskoga su shvaćanja povijesti kao relevantne za teološku epistemologiju dovele do vjerski utemeljenoga političkoga kvijetizma”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nakon Bar Kohbina ustanka Židovi su ostali bez političke vlasti i bez domovine.

    “Nakon ustanka, Židovi ne samo da su ostali bez političke vlasti, nego i bez domovine.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Veliko izgnanstvo nakon Bar Kohbina ustanka potrajalo je skoro dva tisućljeća.

    “Počeo je galut ‫,)גלות(‬ veliko izgnanstvo koje je potrajalo skoro dva tisućljeća.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Obnova židovske državnosti s religijskoga je očišta poglavito vjersko, a ne političko pitanje.

    “Obnova židovske državnosti s religijskoga je očišta, naime, poglavito vjersko, a ne političko pitanje”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rimljani su Bar Kohbin ustanak ugušili nakon tri godine teških borbi i gubitaka.

    “Rimljani su Bar Kohbin ustanak ugušili nakon tri godine teških borbi i gubitaka”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Preživjeli Židovi bili su raspršeni po svijetu i više nisu smjeli prići svojemu svetomu gradu.

    “Preživjeli su Židovi raspršeni po svijetu, a svojemu svetomu gradu više nisu smjeli prići.”
6 of 6

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Metadata

Authors
Havel, B.
Affiliations
University of Zagreb (HR)
Corresponding author
Havel, Boris
Venue
Obnovljeni život
Published
2020-06-11
Volume
75
Issue
2
Pages
215-227
ISSN
  • 0351-3947 (ISSN-L)
  • 1849-0182
OpenAlex
W3021033057
Cited by
4
References
18
Citations by year
2023: 3 · 2020: 1
FWCI
8.78
Type
journal article
Language
hr
Open access
Locations
  • Obnovljeni život : časopis za filozofiju i religijske znanosti (publishedVersion)
  • University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Theology and Sovereignty
Keywords
Bar Kokhba revolt, Jewish messianism, eschatology, Jewish political thought, Jewish statehood, Zionism, Jewish historiography, epistemology of religion, Jewish theology

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