Cited by 292Autonomous Vehicle Technology and SafetyEthics and Social Impacts of AIHuman-Automation Interaction and Safety

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ethical Decision Making during Automated Vehicle Crashes

Open access
Goodall, Noah J.·2014·Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board

Abstract

Automated vehicles have received much attention recently, particularly the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Urban Challenge vehicles, Google's self-driving cars, and various others from auto manufacturers. These vehicles have the potential to reduce crashes and improve roadway efficiency significantly by automating the responsibilities of the driver. Still, automated vehicles are expected to crash occasionally, even when all sensors, vehicle control components, and algorithms function perfectly. If a human driver is unable to take control in time, a computer will be responsible for precrash behavior. Unlike other automated vehicles, such as aircraft, in which every collision is catastrophic, and unlike guided track systems, which can avoid collisions only in one dimension, automated roadway vehicles can predict various crash trajectory alternatives and select a path with the lowest damage or likelihood of collision. In some situations, the preferred path may be ambiguous. The study reported here investigated automated vehicle crashing and concluded the following: (a) automated vehicles would almost certainly crash, (b) an automated vehicle's decisions that preceded certain crashes had a moral component, and (c) there was no obvious way to encode complex human morals effectively in software. The paper presents a three-phase approach to develop ethical crashing algorithms; the approach consists of a rational approach, an artificial intelligence approach, and a natural language requirement. The phases are theoretical and should be implemented as the technology becomes available.

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Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. NHTSA., 2013, Preliminary Statement of Policy Concerning Automated Vehicles.
  2. 1998, Special Report 253: National Automated Highway System Research Program: A Review.
  3. Markoff J., 2007, New York Times
  4. Markoff J., 2010, New York Times
  5. GuizzoE. Toyota's Semi-Autonomous Car Will Keep You Safe. IEEE Spectrum Automation, Jan. 8, 2013. http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artifcial-intelligence/toyota-semi-autonomous-lexus-car-will-keep-you-safe. Accessed June 27, 2013.
  6. Bilger B., 2013, New Yorker
  7. 2012, Vehicles Involved in Crashes by Vehicle Type, Rollover Occurrence, and Crash Severity: 2009.
  8. NHTSA., 2009, Traffic Safety Facts 2009: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System.
  9. 2011, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
  10. Beavers A. F., 2011, Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implication on Robotics
  11. Evans L., 2004, Traffic Safety.

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Metadata

Authors
Goodall, N. J.
Affiliations
Virginia Transportation Research Council (US)
Corresponding author
Goodall, Noah J.
Venue
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
Published
2014-01
Volume
2424
Issue
1
Pages
58-65
ISSN
  • 0361-1981 (ISSN-L)
  • 2169-4052
OpenAlex
W2118960450
Cited by
292
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
FWCI
22.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
Funders
University of Virginia
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
  • Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
Keywords
autonomous vehicles, ethical decision-making, traffic accidents

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