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Incubation of incubators: innovation as a triple helix of university-industry-government networks
Abstract
The shift of university-industry linkages from a linear to an interactive innovation model is visible especially in the history of the university business incubator. Transcending the production and dissemination of research, incubated knowledge increasingly lies behind new products and new firms. Incubators have developed technology and business ideas into an array of firms and to form research centers by fusing heterogeneous R&D entities from university, government and industry. Further transformation of university-industry linkages are in the parallel evolution of incubator from an isolated to a networked entity. As these developments are supported by changes in the regulatory environment and by government funding programs, this pairing becomes university-industry-government interactions.
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Citations
Cited by
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Rasmussen, E. A., & Sørheim, R. (2006) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2005.06.012 · Cited by 707
Theodoraki, C., Messeghem, K., & Rice, M. P. (2018) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-017-9924-0 · Cited by 401
Reframing the role of universities in the development of regional innovation systems
Gunasekara, C. (2006) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-005-5016-4 · Cited by 358
Rippa, P., & Secundo, G. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.013 · Cited by 361
Method for three-way decisions using ideal TOPSIS solutions at Pythagorean fuzzy information
Liang, D., Xu, Z., Liu, D., & Wu, Y. (2018) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2018.01.015 · Cited by 308
Metadata
- Authors
- Etzkowitz, H.
- Venue
- Science and Public Policy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-04-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 115-128
- ISSN
- 0302-3427 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-5430
- OpenAlex
- W2036498408
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Etzkowitz, H. (2002). Incubation of incubators: innovation as a triple helix of university-industry-government networks. Science and Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154302781781056
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
