A Lost Opportunity: The Case of the Košice Ring Road

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

For the southern segment, the commission proposed development with public buildings and the creation of a unified street profile with a row of trees and a promenade, paralleling the western and northern sides.

“For today's Štúrova Street, then the national roadway from Budapest to Dukla; the commission proposed development with public buildings and the creation of a unified street profile with a row of trees and a promenade, paralleling the western and northern sides.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The entire ring was designed for automotive traffic, with major intersections having multi-level crossings, simpler cases featuring underpasses, ample parking spaces along its sides, and pedestrians consigned to underpasses and overpasses.

“Most significantly, the entire ring was designed for automotive traffic.Major intersections had multi-level crossings, while simpler cases featured underpasses, with ample parking spaces along its sides; pedestrians were consigned to underpasses and overpasses.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The new plan did not radically alter the ring, already mostly completed.

“The new plan did not radically alter the ring, already mostly completed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The commission proposed extending the existing urban situation to the northern and southern outer promenades.

“This arrangement was in line with Ott's long-extant plan; what the commission now proposed was to extend this urban situation to the northern and southern outer promenades.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Almost nothing from this project concerning the ring road was realized.

“Almost nothing from this project concerning the ring road was realized.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The plans by Hladký, Kurča, and Bányai and the 1972 plan by Vlasta Michalcová both addressed the dramatic increase in Košice's population due to steelworks and other industries, and the integration of surrounding municipalities into the Košice agglomeration.

“The next plan was prepared in Košice by the architect partnership of Hladký, Kurča, and Bányai, 13 followed by the 1972 plan by Vlasta Michalcová.14 Both plans addressed primary attention to the dramatic increase in the city's population as a result of the construction of the steelworks and other industries, and the integration of surrounding municipalities into the Košice agglomeration.”

• cites [13]Not matched

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• cites [14]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Despite its notably preliminary character, the Warga and Lechner plan essentially remained in effect during the First Czechoslovak Republic, though architects frequently deviated from it.

“Despite its notably preliminary character, the plan essentially remained in effect during the First Czechoslovak Republic, though architects frequently deviated from it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

By the beginning of the 1840s, the fortifications of Košice had almost entirely been dismantled.

“By the beginning of the 1840s, the fortifications had almost entirely been dismantled.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These proposals were largely implemented and led to the redevelopment of significant areas of the old city and the transformation of Košice into a city for automobiles, affecting the ring roads and their adjacent areas.

“Largely implemented, these proposals led to the redevelopment of significant areas of the old city and the transformation of Košice into a city for automobiles -as such, additionally affecting the ring roads and their adjacent areas.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ott's plan ignores the oval shape of the medieval town and straightens it to form a direct, 1.1 km-long avenue.

“The plan ignores the oval shape of the medieval town and straightens it to form a direct, 1.1 km-long avenue.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Kočí's plan, the existing ring road was largely preserved, though the architect's chief focus lay on creating direct streets and designing monumental squares for massive public gatherings.

“However, the existing ring road was largely preserved, though the architect's chief focus lay on creating direct streets -distinct urban axes ending with tower-like landmarks -and designing various monumental squares for massive public gatherings.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the conclusions of the commission's work, published in 1870, the general conclusion was the urgency of adopting a building code and preparing a regulatory plan.

“In the conclusions of the commission's work, published in 1870 8 , various aspects of urban development were addressed, yet the general conclusion was the urgency of adopting a building code and prepare a regulatory plan.”

• cites [8]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The Warga and Lechner plan confirmed the existing route of the ring road and highlighted its presence by proposing its completion and modifications.

“This plan confirmed the existing route of the ring road and highlighted its presence in the city by proposing its completion and modifications.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The green belt around the city was absent from Chochol's proposal, with the proposed greenery taking the form of scattered patches.

“The green belt around the city was absent from his proposal, with the proposed greenery taking the form of scattered patches.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Chochol submitted his plan to Košice only shortly after the First Vienna Arbitration of November 1938, which ceded the city to Hungarian control, and the authorities subsequently ended cooperation with him.

“However, Chochol submitted his plan to Košice only shortly after the First Vienna Arbitration of November 1938, which ceded the city to Hungarian control, and the authorities subsequently ended cooperation with him.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The post-war plan by Bohuslav Fuchs survives only as a physical model, which does not provide enough information for analyzing the central part of the city.

“The post-war plan by Bohuslav Fuchs survives only as a physical model 11 , which does not provide enough information for analyzing the central part of the city.”

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Each of the three segments of the ring road had a different character, lacking the stylistic unity seen in Vienna and Budapest.

“Each of the three segments of the ring road had a different character, lacking the stylistic unity seen in Vienna and Budapest.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ott's plan depicts a proposal for development of the western glacis, outlining today's Moyzesova Street, connecting the northern and southern glacis, and suggesting its subdivision with streets extending from the old town in a rectangular grid.

“Notably, Ott's plan also depicts a proposal for development of the western glacis: outlining today's Moyzesova Street, connecting the northern and southern glacis, and suggests its subdivision with streets extending from the old town in a rectangular grid.”

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the mid-19th century, a four-row linden avenue - a promenade - was planted on the western half of Moyzesova Street, and this avenue became a pride of the city.

“In the mid-19 th century, a four-row linden avenue -a promenadewas planted on its western half.This avenue -promenade became a pride of the city.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

It took nearly 20 years for the next plan to be developed, the 1938 proposal of Prague architect Dr. Josef Chochol.

“It took nearly 20 years for the next plan to be developed, the 1938 proposal of the Prague architect Dr. Josef Chochol, known primarily for his buildings designed in Cubist style.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The first regulatory plan for Košice emerged from a nationwide competition held in 1917, and the winning team of architects, László Warga and Jenö Lechner, submitted their preliminary plan to the city in the summer of 1921, based on the jury's comments.

“The first regulatory plan for Košice, it emerged from a nationwide competition held in 1917, while the winning team of architects, László Warga and Jenö Lechner, submitted their preliminary plan to the city 7 in the summer of 1921, based on the jury's comments.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Ott plan of Košice from 1832, most of the fortifications, including the earthworks and moats, had disappeared, but the city had not expanded significantly in area.

“In the so-called Ott plan of Košice 7 from 1832, we observe that in the intervening quarter-century, most of the fortifications, including the earthworks and moats, had disappeared.However, the city had not expanded significantly in area.”

• cites [7]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The western glacis was where the city directed its most important investments for state institutions, designed by leading Budapest architects within the blocks delineated by the Ott plan.

“It was this exclusive are where the city directed its most important investments for state institutions, designed by leading Budapest architects within the blocks delineated by the Ott plan.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The city's spatial growth remained directed not outward into the countryside but inward into the open glacis that surrounded the fortifications, with the outer suburbs of medieval origin lying beyond it.

“However, the city's spatial growth remained directed not outward into the countryside but, by contrast, inward into the open glacis that surrounded the fortifications, with the outer suburbs of medieval origin lying beyond it.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

While the building code was completed within four years, the regulatory plan was not forthcoming for another half-century.

“While the building code was completed within four years, the regulatory plan was not forthcoming for another half-century.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The most cohesive image was provided by the solution for the western glacis - Moyzesova Street.

“The most cohesive image was provided by the solution for the western glacis -Moyzesova Street.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Ott's plan of Košice is the oldest known document regulating such a large area of the city.

“Ott's plan of Košice is the oldest known document regulating such a large area of the city.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Chochol's plan resulted in a new ring road much smaller than the existing one at the time, though perfectly accessing the center and creating conditions to eliminate vehicle traffic from Hlavná Street.

“Consequently, the result was a new ring road much smaller than the existing one at the time, though perfectly accessing the center and creating conditions to eliminate vehicle traffic from Hlavná Street.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The concentration of various barracks on the ring road and in its immediate vicinity was not only bothersome but overwhelming: up to half of the avenue's length was occupied by the barracks, the covered riding track, and the open hippodrome.

“The concentration of various barracks on the ring road and in its immediate vicinity was not only bothersome but indeed overwhelming: up to half of the avenue's length was occupied by the barracks, the covered riding track, and the open hippodrome.”

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

On Homolka's plan (1869), none of the Košice streets were marked as 'körút'; by a map published in 1896 and by 1906, there were two streets identified as such.

“While on Homolka's plan (1869), none of the Košice streets were marked as”

• cites [27]Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

On the eastern side of the ring road, the remaining buildings were rental apartment blocks for middle-class tenants, mostly designed by master builders rather than architects.

“The remaining buildings were rental apartment blocks for middle-class tenants, mostly designed by master builders rather than architects.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The arrangement of the street shows a dichotomy: the western side was used for significant public buildings representing the state, while the eastern side adjacent to the city is almost exclusively occupied by private and ecclesiastical buildings.

“The arrangement of the street shows a dichotomy.While the western side was used for significant public buildings representing the state, the eastern side adjacent to the city is almost exclusively occupied by private and ecclesiastical buildings.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The paper did not find the use of the term Ring or Ringstrasse in the local German-language newspaper Kaschauer Zeitung (1841-1914); it used Gasse or Strasse for ring roads as for regular streets, and more frequently the Hungarian term was used in German texts; Slovak and Czech terms okružná/í are known only from the First Czechoslovak Republic and a few early post-war years.

“We did not find the use of the term Ring or Ringstrasse in the local German-language newspaper, Kaschauer Zeitung (1841-1914).They used the same terms, Gasse or Strasse, e.g., Klobusitzky Gasse, for ring roads as for regular streets.More frequently, however, in German texts, the Hungarian term, e.g., Rákóczi körút, was used.The Slovak and Czech terms okružná/í are known only from the First”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The 'reduced' ring, i.e., Moyzesova-Štefánikova along the former Millrace and their connection to the north and south, is 3.6 km long.

“The”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The southern side of the street was predominantly occupied by industrial buildings, a sharp dichotomy that significantly formed the street's character.

“The southern side of the street, by contrast, was predominantly occupied by industrial buildings: a sharp dichotomy that significantly formed the street's character.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The western side of Košice's ring road was built mainly by Budapest and later Czech architects, while the eastern side was constructed by local architects and primarily local master builders.

“While the western side was built mainly by Budapest and later Czech architects, the eastern side was constructed by local architects and primarily local master builders.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The market square was a critical point, filled with unattractive shanties and vendor stalls; farmers arriving via Pest Street on market days caused traffic jams with their carts.

“A critical point was the market square, a space filled with unattractive shanties and vendor stalls; moreover, the farmers arriving via Pest Street on market days caused traffic jams with their carts.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the post-war period, many plans were created for the redevelopment of the square, each reflecting the current state idea, and the basic rectangular shape of the square defined during the war years.

“In the post-war period, many plans were created for the redevelopment of the square, each reflecting the current state idea, and the basic rectangular shape of the square defined during the war years.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The chief engineer of Košice admitted that the construction of barracks in this location should not have occurred and was unsatisfactory from a hygienic perspective.

“Eventually, even the chief engineer of Košice had to admit that the construction of barracks in this location should not have occurred and was unsatisfactory from a hygienic perspective.18”

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

István Holományi built an Art Nouveau apartment house for lawyer Béla Kemény on the corner of Alžbetina and Moyzesova streets, while Fülöp Fekete built one for city engineer Emil Polinszky Jr.

“István Holományi built a beautiful Art Nouveau apartment house for lawyer Béla Kemény on the corner of Alžbetina and Moyzesova streets, while Fülöp Fekete built one for city engineer Emil Polinszky Jr. (no.50).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

At the same time, a row of trees was planted on Štúrova Street, not as a pedestrian promenade like Moyzesova, but in the middle of the roadway within the tram tracks.

“At the same time, a row of trees was planted on Štúrova Street, not as a pedestrian promenade like Moyzesova, but in the middle of the roadway within the tram tracks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The local master builders on the eastern side were entrepreneurs focusing on both the execution and design of buildings, lacking formal university education.

“These were entrepreneurs focusing on both the execution and design of buildings, lacking formal university education.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

On the eastern side of the northern sector are two large-scale buildings: the military command building (József Kauser and Adolf Soukup, 1908) and the Košice-Bohumín Railway Directorate (József Hubert, 1915).

“On the eastern side are two large-scale buildings: the military command building (József Kauser and Adolf Soukup, 1908) and the Košice-Bohumín Railway Directorate (József Hubert, 1915).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Today, after the construction of a large shopping mall, only a small portion of the square remains.

“Today, after the construction of a large shopping mall, only a small portion of the square remains.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The Police Headquarters building embodies the National Style characteristic of the First Czechoslovak Republic during the 1920s.

“The Police Headquarters building embodies the National Style characteristic of the First Czechoslovak Republic during the 1920s.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Among the changing manufacturing facilities of the southern side were several distilleries, the Sztudinka furniture factory, the Siposs weaving company, the Poledniak machine factory, and the Fiedler sugar refinery.

“Among the changing manufacturing facilities of the street were several distilleries, the Sztudinka furniture factory, the Siposs weaving company, the Poledniak machine factory, and the Fiedler sugar refinery.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

By the 1912 plan, there were seven ring roads forming a genuine traffic circle; trams ran along its entire perimeter, and the ring connected the city's most important buildings.

“By the 1912 plan 29 , there were seven ring roads forming a genuine traffic circle.Trams ran along its entire perimeter, and the ring connected the city's most important buildings.”

• cites [29]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

On the eastern side of Košice's ring road adjacent to the city, buildings are almost exclusively private and ecclesiastical.

“state, the eastern side adjacent to the city is almost exclusively occupied by private and ecclesiastical buildings.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

From the First Czechoslovak Republic on the eastern side of the ring road, the Neolog synagogue (1926) is a noteworthy landmark; its design by Lajos Kozma only received third place as a competition entry.

“From the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic on this side of the street, the Neolog synagogue (1926) is a noteworthy landmark; incidentally, its design by Lajos Kozma only received third place as a competition entry.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The synagogue designed by Budapest architect Lajos Kozma represents a Neobaroque form enriched with oriental decorative elements, reflecting a distinct cultural and artistic perspective.

“In contrast, on the other side of the ideological spectrum, the synagogue designed by Budapest architect Lajos Kozma represents a Neobaroque form enriched with oriental decorative elements, reflecting a distinct cultural and artistic perspective.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The construction of the artillery barracks elicited protests from residents, and complaints continued after they were built because residents were bothered by stench and insects from the stables.

“For financial reasons, the city was strongly supportive of the construction, but it also elicited protests from residents 17 .After the barracks were built, complaints continued as residents were bothered by the stench and insects from the stables.”

• cites [17]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Other notable builders who constructed remarkable buildings along the Košice ring road include András Golodzsey, Vilmos Kolacsek, István Forgács, János Balogh, and Béla Martoncsik.

“Other notable builders who constructed remarkable buildings along the ring road include András Golodzsey, Vilmos Kolacsek, István Forgács, János Balogh, and Béla Martoncsik.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

By the end of World War II, a section of the road to Prešov was built, the square was paved, and a new illuminated fountain was installed.

“By the end of the war, a section of the road to Prešov was built, the square was paved, and a new attraction -an illuminated fountain -was installed.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The length of the Košice ring, from the north from the railway, through Moyzesova and Štúrova Streets to the station, is 4.4 km.

“The length of the Košice ring, if we consider it from the north from the railway, through Moyzesova and Štúrova Streets to the station, is 4.4 km.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Physically, the Košice ring roads unquestionably exist and play an irreplaceable role in the city's transportation system.

“Physically, the Košice ring roads unquestionably exist and play an irreplaceable role in the city's transportation system.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The facades of industrial businesses on the southern side of the southern glacis resembled ordinary residential buildings, containing apartments, offices, and shops, while behind them in rear courtyards lay manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and wholesale businesses.

“While the facades of these businesses resembled ordinary residential buildings, containing apartments, offices, and shops, behind them, in the rear courtyards, lay manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and wholesale businesses.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The newspaper Kaschauer Zeitung criticised the construction in Košice, where instead of public buildings surrounded by parks, the new construction consisted of barracks, stables, and riding tracks, while even the sidewalks were used by the military for exercises; Vienna's Ringstrasse and Budapest's Körút were cited as positive examples.

“The newspaper Kaschauer Zeitung criticised the construction in Košice, where instead of public buildings surrounded by parks, the new construction consisted of barracks, stables, and riding tracks, while even the sidewalks were used by the military for exercises.Vienna's Ringstrasse and Budapest's Körút were cited as positive examples.19”

• cites [19]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The new architectural plan for the square is unknown; a possible reconstruction of its appearance might be deduced from the simple scheme published in a tourist guide.

“Unfortunately, the new architectural plan for the square is unknown: a possible reconstruction of its appearance might be deduced from the simple scheme published in a tourist guide 26 .”

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The city council considered the state of the square embarrassing and proceeded with its reconstruction.

“Correspondingly, the city council considered the state of the square embarrassing and proceeded with its reconstruction.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the western part of the northern sector, a series of representative public buildings were erected, starting with the notary course building, sided by the primary school (Karol Bayer), followed by the Neo-Renaissance building of the Museum of Upper Hungary (Répászky, Jakab).

“In its western part, a series of representative public buildings were erected, starting with the already mentioned notary course building, sided by the primary school (Karol Bayer), followed by the Neo-Renaissance building of the Museum of Upper Hungary (Répászky, Jakab).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

As with the western glacis, the character of the broad street in the northern sector is determined largely by local master builders.

“As with the western glacis, the character of the broad street here is also determined largely by local master builders.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Among local builders in Košice were prominent entrepreneurs, such as Péter Jakab, the founder of the largest construction company in Košice, which also operated a brick factory, and Mihály Répászky.

“Among them were prominent entrepreneurs, such as Péter Jakab, the founder of the largest construction company in Košice, which also operated a brick factory, and Mihály Répászky.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

On the north side of the southern glacis were tenement houses in a historicizing style, joined during the First Czechoslovak Republic by several functionalist buildings.

“On the north side were tenement houses in a historicizing style, joined during the First Czechoslovak Republic by several functionalist buildings.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

While the northern and western glacis were developed in an elegant style, the southern part of the Košice ring road remained a busy national roadway.

“While the northern and western glacis were developed in an elegant style, the southern part of the ring road remained a busy national roadway.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the post-war period, the 1949 map still used the term ring road, but by 1951 only one ring road was indicated; after this period, with the renaming of streets and the advent of the new regime, the term 'ring road' disappeared in Košice.

“In the post-war period, the 1949 32 map still used the term ring road, but by 1951, only one ring road was indicated.After this period, with the renaming of streets and the advent of the new regime, the term”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The conditions for the creation of a ring road were set by Košice's earlier history as a powerful anti-Turkish fortress.

“The conditions for the creation of a ring road were set by Košice's earlier history as a powerful anti-Turkish fortress.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

It is possible to discern in Fuchs's plan an intent to create a ring road around the city, primarily running through undeveloped areas, which relieves the city of through traffic but does not significantly impact the city's appearance.

“However, it is possible to discern an intent to create a ring road around the city, primarily running through undeveloped areas, which relieves the city of through traffic but does not significantly impact the city's appearance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

With their oval perimeter, the outline of the fortifications naturally lent itself to the creation of a ring.

“With their oval perimeter, the outline of the fortifications naturally lent itself to the creation of a ring.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

It remains unclear whether the circular route was the result of a deliberate long-term effort or the outcome of many successive, interconnected decisions, without the route being planned as a single entity.

“In the end, it remains unclear whether the circular route was the result of a deliberate long-term effort -or, more likely, the outcome of many successive, interconnected decisions, without the route being planned as a single entity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

For Košice, no other plan of the 20th century placed as much emphasis on the city's aesthetic values as the Warga and Lechner plan, with its strongly evident application of the principles advocated by Camillo Sitte.

“For Košice, no other plan of the 20th century placed as much emphasis on the city's aesthetic values as this one, with its strongly evident application of the principles advocated by Camillo Sitte.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Economic conditions in Košice were more limited, and therefore the ring roads modelled on Budapest's körút boulevards, along with the city's architecture, green spaces, and the resulting social life in them, are simpler and less developed.

“Of course, the economic conditions in Košice were more limited, and therefore the ring roads modelled on Budapest's impressive körút boulevards, along with the city's architecture, green spaces, and the resulting social life in them, are simpler and less developed.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The orthogonal arrangement in Ott's plan was a significant design element, and this method of street layout and parcelling was later applied to extensive areas of development, ultimately leading to the circular route being arranged in an orthogonal formation along its entire length.

“The orthogonal arrangement is a significant design element, as this method of street layout and subsequent parcelling was later applied to extensive areas of development.Ultimately, this led to the circular route being arranged in an orthogonal formation along its entire length.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

František Kočí's plan was a product of Socialist Realism, which viewed the ring roads modelled after Vienna and Budapest as a product of monarchy and capitalism.

“František Kočí's plan 12 was a product of Socialist Realism, which viewed the ring roads modelled after Vienna and Budapest as a product of monarchy and capitalism.”

• cites [12]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The commission's proposal of a ring road would serve both transportation and the health of the city, while the promenade also enhanced the social life of the city.

“As such, the commission's proposal of a ring road would both transportation and the health of the city, while the promenade also enhanced the social life of the city.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

From the perspective of emphasizing its ring-structure, the creation of a prominent transverse axis leading from the western slopes of Terasa across the medieval town to the new station is counterproductive.

“However, from the perspective of emphasizing its ring-structure, the creation of a prominent transverse axis leading from the western slopes of Terasa across the medieval town to the new station is counterproductive.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This proposal is a significant representative of the irresponsible application of the principles of the Athens Charter for city centers, which failed to recognize the urban core as a functional zone.

“This proposal is a significant representative of the irresponsible application of the principles of the Athens Charter for city centers -which, as we know, failed to recognize the urban core as a functional zone.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Chochol's transverse breakthrough through the Old Town, involving the radical widening of Poštová and Bielá streets, was adopted from the plan by Warga and Lechner, thereby denying the very principle of the ring - to bypass the Old Town.

“On the other hand, the transverse breakthrough through the Old Town, involving the radical widening of Poštová and Bielá streets, was itself adopted from the plan by Warga and Lechner, thereby denying the very principle of the ring -to bypass the Old Town.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This design is characterized by its strong disrespect for cultural heritage, and its failure to recognize or ignore the genius loci.

“Additionally, this design is characterized its strong disrespect for cultural heritage, and its failure to recognize or ignore the genius loci.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

When Košice was part of Hungary during World War II, the city's significance increased as a sought-after tourist destination and winter sports center.

“When Košice was part of Hungary during World War II, the city's significance increased as a sought-after tourist destination and winter sports center.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The city's previous urban plans included controversial solutions, such as transverse axes that disrupted the unified appearance of Hlavná Street and directed social and commercial life away from the ring.

“Their designs even included controversial solutions, such as transverse axes that, in addition to disrupting the unified appearance of Hlavná Street, directed social and commercial life away from the ring.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

By the 1930s, functionalism emerged as the defining symbol of the modern Czechoslovak state, exemplified by the Main Post Office building.

“However, this style quickly lost its momentum, and by the 1930s, functionalism emerged as the defining symbol of the modern Czechoslovak state, exemplified by the Main Post Office building.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The southern part of the Košice ring road has been the most redeveloped since 1945 and is the most burdened with traffic and noise; for the purpose of promenades, as planned by the commission in 1870, it is unusable.

“The southern part of the ring road has been the most redeveloped since 1945 and is the most burdened with traffic and noise; for the purpose of promenades, as planned by the commission in 1870, it is unusable.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In inner Košice, Hungarian and German predominated, whereas Slovak was dominant in the suburbs; statistics show a gradual trend toward reduction of these differences over time.

“In the inner city, Hungarian and German predominated, whereas Slovak was the dominant language in the suburbs; nonetheless, statistics show a gradual trend toward reduction these differences over time.”

• cites CzochNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Moyzesova Street marked the boundary between the inner city and the suburbs of Košice, which differed dramatically in social composition.

“Moyzesova Street, as Czoch's research reveals, marked the boundary between these two parts of the city, which in social composition differed quite dramatically.”

• cites CzochNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ring roads in Vienna, Budapest, Brno, Szeged, and many other cities are integral to the city's genius loci and, unlike the Košice ring roads, significantly shape the city's image.

“Ring roads in Vienna, Budapest, Brno, Szeged, and many other cities are integral to the city's genius loci and, unlike the Košice ring roads, significantly shape the city's image.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The efforts of local master builders shaped the character of streets and squares not only in Košice's ring road but across the entire Monarchy.

“their efforts shaped the character of streets and squares not only in Košice's ring road but across the entire Monarchy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the inner city of Košice, the largest group of residents were craftsmen (70%), followed by merchants (12%) and professionals (5%); in the suburbs these groups accounted for 51%, 1.4%, and 2.7%, respectively.

“While the largest group of inner-city residents consisted of craftsmen (70%), followed by merchants (12%) and professionals (5%), in the suburbs, these same groups accounted for only 51%, 1.4%, and 2.7%, respectively.”

• cites CzochNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The social status of the residents of Moyzesova Street is reflected in their houses.

“The social status of the residents of Moyzesova Street is reflected in their houses.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The socialist era significantly harmed the Košice ring roads.

“Even further, the socialist era significantly harmed the ring roads.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Beyond the length of the ring, the absence of such an urban formation in Košice is the outcome of inadequate planning and the placement of functions unsuitable for the site, such as military barracks.

“Yet even beyond the length of the ring, the absence of such an urban formation is the outcome of inadequate planning and the placement of functions unsuitable for the site, such as military barracks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Throughout the existence of the First Czechoslovak Republic, political rivalry between supporters and opponents of Czechoslovakism remained a persistent force.

“Throughout the existence of the First Czechoslovak Republic, political rivalry between supporters and opponents of Czechoslovakism remained a persistent force.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Wealthy individuals commissioned homes on Moyzesova Street, corresponding in size to their affluence.

“Wealthy individuals commissioned homes on this street, corresponding in size to their affluence.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The most crucial factor diverting the city's social life away from the ring is the presence of the unique kilometre-long Košice Square, or Hlavná Street with its marvellous architecture, numerous public buildings, and centuries-old traditions.

“But the most crucial factor diverting the city's social life away from the ring is the presence of the unique kilometre-long Košice Square, or Hlavná Street with its marvellous architecture, numerous public buildings, and centuries-old traditions.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These reasons prevented Košice's ring boulevards from developing into attractive areas and gaining a more prominent position in the city's image.

“These are the reasons that prevented Košice's ring boulevards from developing into attractive areas and gaining a more prominent position in the city's image -and equally provide explanation for the title of this article.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Although Košice's Secessionist buildings were designed by prominent Budapest architects, these buildings are among their lesser-known works, and Košice's fin-de-siecle heritage does not match the level of cities like Szeged, Kecskemét, Subotica, and Oradea in pre-1920 Hungary.

“Although Košice's Secessionist buildings were designed by prominent Budapest architects, these buildings are among their lesser-known works, and Košice's fin-de-siecle heritage does not match the level of cities like Szeged (HU) and Kecskemét (HU) or Subotica (SRB) and Oradea (RO) in the territory of pre-1920 Hungary.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

When tracing the development of the Košice ring road on historical maps, there is uncertainty in designating streets as ring roads, attributable to the long-term lack of a clear concept for planning the ring and the fact that no street had a definitive ring shape.

“When we trace the development of the Košice ring road on historical maps, we must note the uncertainty in designating streets as ring roads, which can be attributed to the long-term lack of a clear concept for planning the ring and the fact that no street had a definitive ring shape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The factory chimneys were the pride of the industrialists, indicating that the enterprise had steam power.

“The pride of the industrialists were the factory chimneys, indicating that the enterprise had steam power.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The emergence of ring boulevards is a hallmark of urbanism associated with rising capitalism and the liberal society of today's type; in our part of Europe, this was also a product of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, from whose heritage the regime distanced itself.

“The emergence of ring boulevards is a hallmark of urbanism associated with rising capitalism and the liberal society of today's type.In our part of Europe, this was also a product of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, from whose heritage the regime distanced itself.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The emergence of ring boulevards is a hallmark of urbanism associated with rising capitalism and the liberal society of today's type, and in our part of Europe it was a product of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.