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Nutritive Value of Corn Silage as Affected by Maturity and Mechanical Processing: A Contemporary Review
Open accessAbstract
Stage of maturity at harvest and mechanical processing affect the nutritive value of corn silage. The change in nutritive value of corn silage as maturity advances can be measured by animal digestion and macro in situ degradation studies among other methods. Predictive equations using climatic data, vitreousness of corn grain in corn silage, starch reactivity, gelatinization enthalpy, dry matter (DM) of corn grain in corn silage, and DM of corn silage can be used to estimate starch digestibility of corn silage. Whole plant corn silage can be mechanically processed either pre- or postensiling with a kernel processor mounted on a forage harvester, a recutter screen on a forage harvester, or a stationary roller mill. Mechanical processing of corn silage can improve ensiling characteristics, reduce DM losses during ensiling, and improve starch and fiber digestion as a result of fracturing the corn kernels and crushing and shearing the stover and cobs. Improvements in milk production have ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 kg/d when cows were fed mechanically processed corn silage. A consistent improvement in milk protein yield has also been observed when mechanically processed corn silage has been fed. With the advent of mechanical processors, alternative strategies are evident for corn silage management, such as a longer harvest window.
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“The nutritive value of maize silages is influenced by a number of factors such as genotype (maturity type, cell wall or starch type and endosperm type) agronomic (soil type, fertilization etc.) and growth conditions (temperature, irradiation, etc.), maturity at harvest, harvesting practices (chop length, kernel processing, etc.) and ensiling conditions.7,27 -31”
From Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Harvest practices, such as proper maturity at harvest, kernel processing, theoretical length of cut (TLOC), and cutting height are well-established management tools for improving physical and chemical characteristics and hence nutrient digestibility of WPCS (Johnson et al., 1999;Allen et al., 2003;Buxton and O'Kiely, 2003;Ferraretto and Shaver, 2012b).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These results were thought to be related to greater kernel breakage by cutting knives at the lower TLOC (Johnson et al., 1999) or inhibition of kernel breakage during passage through the rollers by the stover portion at the longer TLOC.”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although corn-stover tissue is sufficiently damaged by processing to increase ruminal fiber degradation (Johnson et al., 1999;Bal et al., 2000b), these effects are often inconsistent (Allen et al., 2003;Ferraretto and Shaver, 2012b).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Several reviews emphasize an increased concentration of starch and corresponding decline in CP, NDF, and ash concentrations with delayed WPCS harvest (Johnson et al., 1999;Allen et al., 2003;Buxton and O'Kiely, 2003).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
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“In contrast, increased surface area for bacterial attachment when WPCS comprises short particles may also increase NDF digestibility despite its faster passage rate (Johnson et al., 1999).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
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“A more precise criterion is the DM content as this increases with advancing maturity, and as such can be used to mark the harvest maturity.15,27”
From Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
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“The progressing maturity of the maize crop during the grain-filling period increases the content of DM and starch, and decreases the content of NDF and CP.27,32,33”
From Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
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“The authors revealed that peak milk production was achieved when WPCS was harvested at approximately 35% DM or between one-half and two-thirds kernel milk line.”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
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“As with other forage crops, cell wall digestibility of corn plants is diminished by advanced maturity (Johnson et al., 1999;Bal et al., 2000b;Buxton and O'Kiely, 2003).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
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“Despite the effects on nutrient concentrations, delayed WPCS maturity at harvest impairs nutrient digestibility (Johnson et al., 1999;Allen et al., 2003;Ferraretto and Shaver, 2012b).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
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“It can generally be divided into three stages: aerobic respiration period (first 3 days), lactic acid fermentation period (first 3 weeks) and stable storage period (after 3 weeks) [24].”
From Analysis on Fermentation Quality, Chemical Composition and Bacterial Communities of Corn Straw and Soybean Straw Mixed Silage (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Kernel vitreous endosperm proportion increases with increased DM content of WPCS (Philippeau and Michalet-Doreau, 1997;Johnson et al., 1999); greater kernel hardness causes kernels in very dry WPCS to be less susceptible to breakage during kernel processing at harvest.”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1999
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Glavić, M., Budiša, A., Osmanagić, S., Hasić, A., & Zenunović, A. (2015) · Агрознање · doi:10.7251/agren1402129g
Evaluation of corn and barley varieties in extensive winter grazing systems for beef calves
McMillan, S. A. (2017) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Opsi, F., Fortina, R., Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Bodas, R., & López, S. (2011) · DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))
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Gheller, L. S. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.10.2020.tde-28112019-101747
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DEMANDA ENERGÉTICA NA COLHEITA, DEGRADABILIDADE E DIGESTIBILIDADE DA SILAGEM DE HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO
Factori, M. A. (2011) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, L., Harrison, J. H., Hunt, C., Shinners, K., Doggett, C. G., & Sapienza, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Idaho (US)
- Pioneer Hi-Bred (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2813-2825
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119515437
- Semantic Scholar
- 25731948370f442b77e3b7d07c369e5fef580e04
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
- Keywords
- corn silage, nutritional value, harvest maturity, mechanical processing, starch digestibility, in situ degradation, vitreousness, gelatinization enthalpy, dry matter loss, milk production, milk protein yield, dairy cattle, roller mill
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Zea mays, Digestion, Female, Food Handling, Nutritive Value, Rumen, Silage, Starch
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