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Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: from surveys to nosology and back.
Open accessAbstract
On the basis of epidemiological survey findings, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders around the world and are associated with significant comorbidity and morbidity. Such surveys rely on advances in psychiatric nosology and may also contribute usefully to revisions of the nosology. There are a number of questions at the intersection of psychiatric epidemiology and nosology. This review addresses the following: What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders and how do we best explain cross-national differences in prevalence estimates? What are the optimal diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders, and how can epidemiological data shed light on this question? What are the comorbidities of anxiety disorders, and how do we best understand the high comorbidities seen in these conditions? What is the current treatment gap for anxiety disorders, and what are the implications of current understandings of psychiatric epidemiology and nosology for policy-making relevant to anxiety disorders? Here, we emphasize that anxiety disorders are the most prevalent of the psychiatric conditions, and that rather than merely contrasting cross-national prevalence in anxiety disorders, it is more productive to delineate cross-national themes that emerge about the epidemiology of these conditions. We discuss that optimizing diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders is an iterative process to which epidemiological data can make a crucial contribution. Additionally, high comorbidity in anxiety disorders is not merely artefactual; it provides key opportunities to explore pathways to mental disorders and to intervene accordingly. Finally, work on the epidemiology and nosology of anxiety disorders has provided a number of important targets for mental health policy and for future integrative work to move between bench and bedside, as well as between clinic and community.
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“Anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia) are the most common psychiatric disorders, with a current worldwide prevalence of 7.3% (1, 2).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stein, D. J., Scott, K. M., de Jonge, P., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Dan J.
- Venue
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-30
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-136
- ISSN
- 1294-8322 (ISSN-L)
- 1958-5969
- PMC
- PMC5573557
- OpenAlex
- W2758572380
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 19.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Sun Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, prevalence, cross-national differences, psychiatric classification, diagnostic criteria, comorbidities, treatment gap, mental health policy, psychiatric epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Internationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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