The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Possible Contributors to the Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Problems
Abstract
Research on alcohol use and problems has demonstrated a much higher rate of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among men compared with women. The authors review the most frequently researched biological and psychosocial factors that may play a role in the gender differences in alcohol use and problems. Among the biological factors, women might carry a lower genetic risk for AUDs and tend to suffer more negative biological consequences from drinking as compared with men. Regarding psychosocial factors, men appear to be more likely than women to manifest certain risk factors for alcohol use and problems (e.g., fewer perceived social sanctions for drinking, positive expectancies for alcohol use, personality traits such as impulsivity) and have fewer protective factors. Although these findings have helped to explain some of the gender differences in alcohol use and problems, there are inconsistencies in the literature. Additionally, many studie may not have enough statistical power to detect gender differences. The authors suggest that the biological and social consequences of alcohol abuse for women may be especially potent protective factors against AUDs and discuss the possibility of public health campaigns developed on the basis of this idea.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64 · Cited by 5,428
RECOGNITION OF THE FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME IN EARLY INFANCY
Jones, K., & Smith, D. (1973) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91092-1 · Cited by 2,755
Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5931 · Cited by 2,555
Sensation seeking in England and America: cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons
Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.46.1.139 · Cited by 1,905
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490057 · Cited by 1,418
Frezza, M., di Padova, C., Pozzato, G., Terpin, M., Baraona, E., & Lieber, C. S. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199001113220205 · Cited by 1,328
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2009) · DECP Debate · doi:10.53841/bpsdeb.2009.1.131.34 · Cited by 1,211
Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R. E., Saunders, B. A., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.1.19 · Cited by 1,164
Caspi, A. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110071009 · Cited by 1,159
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Abrams, D. B., &Wilson, G. T. (1979). Effects of alcohol on social anxiety in women: Cognitive versus physiological processes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 161-173. · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.2.161
- Anderson, R. A. Jr., Berryman, S. H., Phillips, J. F., Feathergill, K. A., Zaneveld, L. J. D., &Russell, L. D. (1989). Biochemical and structural evidence for ethanol-induced impairment of testicular development: Apparent lack of leydig cell involvement. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 100, 62-85. · doi:10.1016/0041-008x(89)90092-6
- Blume, S. B., &Russell, M. (2001). Alcohol and substance abuse in obstetrics and gynecology practice. In N. L. Stotland (Ed.), Psychological aspects of women's health care: The interface between psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology (2nd ed.; pp. 421-439). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newman, D. L., &Silva, P. A. (1997). Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. In M. E. Hertzig (Ed.), Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development (pp. 319-331). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
- Chomak, S., &Collins, R. L. (1987). Relationship between sex-role behaviors and alcohol consumption in undergraduate men and women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48, 194-201. · doi:10.15288/jsa.1987.48.194
- Fillmore, K. M., Golding, J. M., Leino, E. V., Motoyoshi, M., Shoemaker, C., Terry, H., et al. (1997). Patterns and trends in women's and men's drinking. In R. W. Wilsnack &S. C. Wilsnack (Eds.), Gender and alcohol: Individual and social perspectives (pp. 21-48). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies.
- Frieze, I. H., &Schafer, P. C. (1984). Alcohol use and marital violence: Female and male differences in reactions to alcohol. In S. C. Wilsnack &L. J. Beckman (Eds.), Alcohol problems in women: Antecedents, consequences, and intervention (pp. 260-279). New York: Guilford.
- Gomberg, E. L. (1982). Historical and political perspective: Women and drug use. Journal of Social Issues, 38, 9-23. · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00115.x
- Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., &Vernon, P. A. (1997). Gender-specific etiological differences in alcohol and drug problems: A behavioural genetic analysis. Addiction, 92, 1265-1276. · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02846.x
- Kaufman Kantor, G., &Asdigian, N. L. (1997). Gender differences in alcohol-related spousal aggression. In R. W. Wilsnack &S. C. Wilsnack (Ed.), Gender and alcohol: Individual and social perspectives (pp. 312-334). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies.
- Lieber, C. S. (1997). Gender differences in alcohol metabolism and susceptibility. In R. W. Wilsnack &S. C. Wilsnack (Eds.), Gender and alcohol: Individual and social perspectives (pp. 77-89). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies.
- Lisansky, E. S. (1957). Alcoholism in women: Social and psychological concomitants I: Social history data. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 18, 588-623. · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1957.18.588
- Thombs, D. L. (1993). The differentially discriminating properties of alcohol for female and male drinkers. Journal of Counseling &Development, 71, 321-325. · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02220.x
- Wilsnack, R. W., Wilsnack, S. C., &Klassen, A. D. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of drinking and drinking problems in women: Patterns from a U.S. National Survey. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 34, 85-158.
- Zucker, R. A., Battistich, V. A., &Langer, G. B. (1981). Sexual behavior, sex-role adaptation and drinking in young women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42, 457-465. · doi:10.15288/jsa.1981.42.457
- Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., &Moses, H. D. (1995). Emergence of alcohol problems and the several alcoholisms: A developmental perspective on etiological theory and life course trajectory. In D. Cicchetti &D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 677-711). New York: Wiley.
- Sher, K. J., Trull, T. J., Bartholow, B. D., &Vieth, A. (1999). Personality and alcoholism: Issues, methods, and etiological processes. In K. E. Leonard &H. T. Blane (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (pp. 54-105). New York: Guilford.
- Stein, J. A., Golding, J. M., Siegel, J. M., Burnam, M. A., &Sorenson, S. B. (1988). Long-term psychological sequelae of child sexual abuse: The Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. In G. E. Wyatt &G. J. Powell (Eds.), Lasting effects of child sexual abuse (pp. 135-154). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Passaro, K. T., &Little, R. E. (1997). Childbearing and alcohol use. In R. W. Wilsnack &S. C. Wilsnack (Ed.), Gender and alcohol: Individual and social perspectives (pp. 90-113). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies.
- Ricciardelli, L. A., Connor, J. P., Williams, R. J., &Young, R. M. (2001). Gender stereotypes and drinking cognitions as indicators of moderate and high risk drinking among young women and men. Drug &Alcohol Dependence, 61, 129-136. · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00131-9
Cited by
Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., et al. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36 · Cited by 1,518
Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., Kerridge, B. T., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Fan, A., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161 · Cited by 1,362
Erol, A., & Karpyak, V. M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.023 · Cited by 1,022
Alcohol: Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and the Brain
Oscar-Berman, M., & Marinković, K. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9038-6 · Cited by 619
Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Abate, D., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32281-5 · Cited by 538
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Hilt, L.
- Venue
- The Journal of General Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 357-374
- ISSN
- 0022-1309 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-0888
- OpenAlex
- W2025929954
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 91
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Possible Contributors to the Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Problems. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3200/genp.133.4.357-374
- The paper
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Hilt, L. (2006). Possible Contributors to the Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Problems. The Journal of General Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3200/genp.133.4.357-374
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.