The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Evolution and Maintenance of Virulence in Microparasites
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, population and evolutionary biologists have questioned the traditional view that parasite-mediated morbidity and mortality¿virulence¿is a primitive character and an artifact of recent associations between parasites and their hosts. A number of hypotheses have been proposed that favor virulence and suggest that it will be maintained by natural selection. According to some of these hypotheses, the pathogenicity of HIV, Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,theShigella,as well as Plasmodium falciparum,and many other microparasites, are not only maintained by natural selection, but their virulence increases or decreases as an evolutionary response to changes in environmental conditions or the density and/or behavior of the human population. Other hypotheses propose that the virulence of microparasites is not directly favored by natural selection; rather, microparasite-mediated morbidity and mortality are either coincidental to parasite-expressed characters (virulence determinants that evolved for other functions) or the product of short-sighted evolution in infected hosts. These hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of microparasite virulence are critically reviewed, and suggestions are made for testing them experimentally.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme
Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 · Cited by 7,770 · cited 1×
“According to the coincidental evolution hypothesis, parasite-mediated morbidity and mortality are what Gould and Lewontin ( 52 ) likened to the spandrels of gothic churches.”
Evolution of Infectious Disease
Ewald, P. W. (1994) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195060584.001.0001 · Cited by 714
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficient Red Cells: Resistance to Infection by Malarial Parasites
Luzzatto, L., Usanga, E. A., & Reddy, S. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.164.3881.839 · Cited by 248
Cited by
The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli
Tenaillon, O., Skurnik, D., Picard, B., & Denamur, E. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2298 · Cited by 1,533
Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts
Woolhouse, M. E. J., Webster, J. P., Domingo, E., Charlesworth, B., & Levin, B. R. (2002) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1202-569 · Cited by 869
Social Organization and Parasite Risk in Mammals: Integrating Theory and Empirical Studies
Altizer, S., Nunn, C. L., Thrall, P. H., Gittleman, J. L., Antonovics, J., Cunningham, A. A., Dobson, A. P., Ezenwa, V., Jones, K. E., Pedersen, A. B., et al. (2003) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725 · Cited by 770
The population genetics of pathogenic Escherichia coli
Denamur, E., Clermont, O., Bonacorsi, S., & Gordon, D. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0416-x · Cited by 684
Virulence and competitive ability in genetically diverse malaria infections
de Roode, J. C., Pansini, R., Cheesman, S. J., Helinski, M. E. H., Huijben, S., Wargo, A. R., Bell, A. S., Chan, B. H. K., Walliker, D., & Read, A. F. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0500078102 · Cited by 422
Metadata
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 93-102
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- 1080-6059
- OpenAlex
- W2060905071
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Evolution and Maintenance of Virulence in Microparasites. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3201/eid0202.960203
- The paper
- The Evolution and Maintenance of Virulence in Microparasites. (1996). Emerging Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0202.960203
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
