HIV Infection as a Risk Factor for Shigellosis1
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We investigated cases of shigellosis in San Francisco and Alameda Counties identified during 1996 by active laboratory surveillance to assess the role of HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Dramatically elevated rates of shigellosis in HIV-infected persons implicate HIV infection as an important risk factor for shigellosis in San Francisco.
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HIV without viral suppression can be an independent risk factor that can contribute to transmission by increasing shedding of the enteric pathogen, increasing susceptibility of the host, or both.
“HIV without viral suppression can be an independent risk factor that can contribute to transmission by increasing shedding of the enteric pathogen, increasing susceptibility of the host, or both (255,263).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [263]
The discussion (p. 822) says HIV infection may be a risk factor for shigellosis and that compromised immunity may increase susceptibility after exposure. It does not examine viral suppression or pathogen shedding. Nor does it establish an independent effect: the authors say sexual and behavioral practices were not thoroughly investigated. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Humphries, R. M., Faron, M. L., Dekker, J. P., Ledeboer, N. A., & Buchan, B. W. (2023) · ClinMicroNow · doi:10.1002/9781683674849.mcm0039
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Epidemiology or biology? A systematic review untangling the relationship between Shigella and HIVPreprint
Reithinger, E., Ursin, A., Thomas, J., Pascall, D. J., & Baker, K. S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154087/v1
- Authors
- Baer, J. T., Vugia, D. J., Reingold, A. L., Aragon, T., Angulo, F. J., & Bradford, W. Z.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- San Francisco Department of Public Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bradford, Williamson Z.
- Venue
- Emerging infectious diseases
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 820-823
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- 1080-6059
- PMC
- PMC2640795
- OpenAlex
- W2113286671
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Keywords
- shigellosis, HIV infection, risk factors, Shigella, people living with HIV, San Francisco, Alameda County, laboratory surveillance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Dysentery, Bacillary, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, San Francisco, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Travel, HIV Infections, Incidence, Homosexuality, Male
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