Cited by 18Workplace Health and Well-beingDisability Education and EmploymentGender Diversity and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Workplace inclusion: A scoping review of the qualitative literature

Abstract

Background An inclusive workplace culture supports and values the individual and collective work processes of workers from diverse backgrounds. The reality or perception of inclusion or exclusion at work can influence the social functioning, health, and well-being of workers. However, we lack knowledge about the concepts relevant to inclusion at the workplace. Furthermore, research is needed to better understand the drivers and obstacles to workplace inclusion to better promote participation in working life. Objective This scoping review of the qualitative literature identifies the barriers to and facilitators of workplace inclusion. Methods Systematic searches of five databases were conducted from 2000 to January 2020. Pairs of reviewers independently screened and reviewed all citations and full-text articles. We used Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework which advances through five stages. Barriers and facilitators of workplace inclusion were categorized relative to a multi-layered conceptualization of workplace inclusion and grouped by theme. Studies were described and thematic results totaled and communicated with evidence tables and conceptual maps. Results Thirty-nine qualitative studies met our inclusion criteria. All five domains of the multi-layered framework were represented by the reported shared experiences of study participants. Organizational level factors, especially attitudinal barriers were the most reported barriers to workplace inclusion. Facilitat…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3233/wor-211343

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A later scoping review of qualitative research showed that workplace inclusion spans interpersonal, organizational, and work-process dimensions.

    “A later scoping review of qualitative research similarly showed that workplace inclusion spans interpersonal, organizational, and work-process dimensions (Rezai et al., 2023).”
  • Rezai et al. (2023) found that workers describe inclusion through social acceptance, participation, organizational support, access, and the ability to contribute meaningfully.

    “Rezai et al. (2023) found that workers describe inclusion through social acceptance, participation, organizational support, access, and the ability to contribute meaningfully.”
  • The scoping review by Rezai et al. (2023) notes that experiences of inclusion and exclusion can affect social functioning, health, and well-being.

    “The scoping review by Rezai et al. (2023) likewise notes that experiences of inclusion and exclusion can affect social functioning, health, and well-being.”

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 82

  1. Novak, 2011, Application of intergroup contact theory to the integrated workplace: Setting the stage for inclusion, Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35, 211, 10.3233/JVR-2011-0573 · DOI
  2. Cummins, 2003, Community integration or community exposure? A review and discussion in relation to people with an intellectual disability, Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 16, 145, 10.1046/j.1468-3148.2003.00157.x · DOI
  3. Fujimoto, 2014, Lessons learned from community organizations: Inclusion of people with disabilities and others, British Journal of Management, 25, 518, 10.1111/1467-8551.12034 · DOI
  4. Davidson, 2002, Inclusion: What can I and my organization do about it, The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 39, 80
  5. Humberd, 2015, In our own backyard: when a less inclusive community challenges organizational inclusion, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 34, 395, 10.1108/EDI-11-2013-0105 · DOI
  6. Pless, 2004, Building an inclusive diversity culture: Principles, processes and practice, Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 129, 10.1007/s10551-004-9465-8 · DOI
  7. Aysola, 2018, Perceptions of factors associated with inclusive work and learning environments in health care organizations: a qualitative narrative analysis, JAMA Network Open, 1, e181003, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1003 · DOI
  8. Bell, 2010, Inclusion for adults with dyslexia: examining the transition periods of a group of adults in England: Clever is when you come to a brick wall and you have got to get over it without a ladder, Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 10, 216, 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2010.01167.x · DOI
  9. Mor Barak, 1998, A tool to expand organizational understanding of workforce diversity: Exploring a measure of inclusion-exclusion, Administration in Social Work, 22, 47, 10.1300/J147v22n01_04 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Pelled, 1999, Demographic dissimilarity and workplace inclusion, Journal of Management Studies, 36, 1013, 10.1111/1467-6486.00168 · DOI
  11. Person, 2015, Measuring Diversity and Inclusion in Academic Medicine: The Diversity Engagement Survey (DES), Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 90, 1675, 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000921 · DOI
  12. Shore, 2011, Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research, Journal of Management, 37, 1262, 10.1177/0149206310385943 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Rezai, 2020, Measures of Workplace Inclusion: A Systematic Review Using the COSMIN Methodology, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 30, 420, 10.1007/s10926-020-09872-4 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Roberson, 2006, Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations, Group & Organization Management, 31, 212, 10.1177/1059601104273064 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Mokkink, 2010, The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 737, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Mokkink LB , Prinsen C , Patrick DL , et al. COSMIN methodology for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). User Manual. 2018; Version 1.0:78. · DOI
  17. Vogt, 2004, Focus Groups in Psychological Assessment: Enhancing Content Validity by Consulting Members of the Target Population, Psychological Assessment, 16, 231, 10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.231 · DOI
  18. Ree, 2019, Workplace inclusion of employees with back pain and mental health problems: A focus group study about employees’ experiences, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47, 326, 10.1177/1403494818799611 · DOI
  19. Mor Barak, 2001, Diversity, inclusion, and commitment in organizations: international empirical explorations, Institute of applied and behavioral management, J Behav Appl Manage, 2, 70
  20. Mor Barak, 2002, Outside of the corporate mainstream and excluded from the work community: A study of diversity, job satisfaction and well-being, Community, Work & Family, 5, 133, 10.1080/13668800220146346 · DOI
  21. Hitlan, 2006, Perceived exclusion in the workplace: The moderating effects of gender on work-related attitudes and psychological health, North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 217
  22. Jansen, 2017, Being different at work: how gender dissimilarity relates to social inclusion and absenteeism, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20, 879, 10.1177/1368430215625783 · DOI
  23. Reis, 2017, Dignity promoted or violated: how does the deaf person included perceive it?, RAM Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 18, 78, 10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n3p178-202 · DOI
  24. Konrad, 2013, Temporary work, underemployment and workplace accommodations: Relationship to well-being for workers with disabilities, British Journal of Management, 24, 367, 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00809.x · DOI · Paper page
  25. Meacham, 2017, HRM practices that support the employment and social inclusion of workers with an intellectual disability, Personnel Review, 46, 1475, 10.1108/PR-05-2016-0105 · DOI
  26. Negri, 2009, Why has a woman with mental illness been fired?, Work, 33, 35, 10.3233/WOR-2009-0841 · DOI
  27. Daya, 2014, Diversity and inclusion in an emerging market context, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33, 293, 10.1108/EDI-10-2012-0087 · DOI
  28. Carmeli, 2010, Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological safety, Creativity Research Journal, 22, 250, 10.1080/10400419.2010.504654 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Nelissen, 2017, Lending a helping hand at work: a multilevel investigation of prosocial motivation, inclusive climate and inclusive behavior, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 27, 467, 10.1007/s10926-016-9680-z · DOI
  30. Rothbart, 1985, Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact, Journal of Social Issues, 41, 81, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01130.x · DOI
  31. Brewer, 1991, The social self: On being the same and different at the same time, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475, 10.1177/0146167291175001 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Pickett, 2002, Motivated self-stereotyping: Heightened assimilation and differentiation needs result in increased levels of positive and negative self-stereotyping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 543, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.543 · DOI
  33. Knappert, 2018, Refugees’ exclusion at work and the intersection with gender: Insights from the Turkish-Syrian border, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 62, 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.002 · DOI
  34. Lysaght, 2017, Inclusion through work and productivity for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities, Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30, 922, 10.1111/jar.12284 · DOI
  35. Cobigo, 2012, Shifting our conceptualization of social inclusion, Stigma Research and Action, 2, 75, 10.5463/sra.v1i3.45 · DOI
  36. Arksey, 2005, Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 19, 10.1080/1364557032000119616 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Shaw, 2004, Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 4, 5, 10.1186/1471-2288-4-5 · DOI
  38. Booth, 2016, Searching for qualitative research for inclusion in systematic reviews: a structured methodological review, Systematic Reviews, 5, 1
  39. Vaismoradi, 2013, Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study, Nursing & Health Sciences, 15, 398, 10.1111/nhs.12048 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Viera, 2005, Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic, Fam Med, 37, 360
  41. Sandelowski, 1997, Qualitative metasynthesis: Issues and techniques, Research in Nursing & Health, 20, 365, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199708)20:4<365::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-E · DOI
  42. Ludvigsen, 2016, Using Sandelowski and Barroso’s meta-synthesis method in advancing qualitative evidence, Qualitative Health Research, 26, 320, 10.1177/1049732315576493 · DOI
  43. Pawson, 2002, Evidence-based policy: The promise of realist synthesis, Evaluation, 8, 340, 10.1177/135638902401462448 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Levac, 2010, Scoping studies: advancing the methodology, Implementation Science, 5, 69, 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Sandelowski, 2007, Using qualitative metasummary to synthesize qualitative and quantitative descriptive findings, Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 99, 10.1002/nur.20176 · DOI
  46. Stemler, 2001, An overview of content analysis, Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 7, 137
  47. Lysaght, 2014, Enhancing the quality of life of marginalized populations through employment, International Public Health Journal, 6, 301
  48. Landis, 1977, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data, Biometrics, 159, 10.2307/2529310 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Butterworth, 2000, Workplace culture, social interactions, and supports for transition-age young adults, Mental Retardation, 38, 342, 10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038<0342:WCSIAS>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  50. Munkejord, 2019, Challenging the ethnic pyramid: Golden rules and organisational measures towards a more inclusive work environment, Journal of Nursing Management, 27, 1522, 10.1111/jonm.12838 · DOI
  51. Wagner, 2015, Occupational Inclusion: Perspective of People with Schizophrenia, Psicologia em Estudo, 20, 83, 10.4025/rbhranpuh.v7i21.26320 · DOI
  52. Naraine, 2011, Social inclusion of employees who are blind or low vision, Disability & Society, 26, 389, 10.1080/09687599.2011.567790 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Humber, 2014, Social inclusion through employment: the marketisation of employment support for people with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom, Disability & Society, 29, 275, 10.1080/09687599.2013.776490 · DOI
  54. Pearson, 2002, The structure and content of social inclusion: Voices of young adults with learning difficulties in Guangzhou, Disability & Society, 17, 365, 10.1080/09687590220140322 · DOI
  55. Wistow, 2003, Users’ views on supported employment and social inclusion: a qualitative study of 30 people in work 1, British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31, 166, 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2003.00253.x · DOI
  56. Irvine, 2008, Into the Workforce: Employers’ Perspectives of Inclusion, Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 36, 225
  57. Richards, 2012, Examining the exclusion of employees with Asperger syndrome from the workplace, Personnel Review, 41, 630, 10.1108/00483481211249148 · DOI
  58. Nieminen, 2012, Experiences of social inclusion and employment of mental health service users in a European Union project, International Journal of Mental Health, 41, 3, 10.2753/IMH0020-7411410401 · DOI
  59. Dawson, 2006, Partial inclusion and biculturalism of African Americans, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 25, 433
  60. Ozturk, 2016, Gender identity inclusion in the workplace: broadening diversity management research and practice through the case of transgender employees in the UK, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27, 781, 10.1080/09585192.2015.1042902 · DOI
  61. Priola, 2014, The sound of silence. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender discrimination in ‘inclusive organizations’, British Journal of Management, 25, 488, 10.1111/1467-8551.12043 · DOI
  62. Rennstam, 2018, Peripheral Inclusion Through Informal Silencing and Voice—A Study of LGB Officers in the Swedish Police, Gender, Work & Organization, 25, 177, 10.1111/gwao.12194 · DOI
  63. Willis, 2009, From exclusion to inclusion: Young queer workers’ negotiations of sexually exclusive and inclusive spaces in Australian workplaces, Journal of Youth Studies, 12, 629, 10.1080/13676260902902689 · DOI
  64. Gustafsson, 2018, Supported Employment and Social Inclusion: Experiences of Workers with Disabilities in Wage Subsidized Employment in Sweden, Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 20, 26, 10.16993/sjdr.36 · DOI
  65. Kalef, 2014, Developing inclusive employment: lessons from telenor open mind, Work, 3, 423, 10.3233/WOR-131783 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Toldrá, 2013, People with disabilities in the labor market: facilitators and barriers, Work, 45, 553, 10.3233/WOR-131641 · DOI
  67. Folguera, 2014, Women with disabilities, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33, 776, 10.1108/EDI-04-2012-0034 · DOI
  68. Hopkins, 2012, Inclusion of a diverse workforce in the UK: the case of the EU expansion, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 31, 379, 10.1108/02610151211223058 · DOI
  69. Kulkarni, 2016, Workplace inclusion of persons with a disability: Comparison of Indian and German multinationals, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 35, 397, 10.1108/EDI-08-2016-0066 · DOI
  70. Solheim, 2010, Inclusive working life and value conflict in Norway, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30, 399, 10.1108/01443331011060742 · DOI
  71. Tang, 2015, Inclusion and inclusion management in the Chinese context: an exploratory study, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26, 856, 10.1080/09585192.2014.985326 · DOI
  72. Offermann, 2014, Están hablando de mí?: Challenges for multilingual organizations, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 644, 10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0315 · DOI
  73. Ortlieb, 2014, The making of inclusion as structuration: empirical evidence of a multinational company, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33, 235, 10.1108/EDI-06-2012-0052 · DOI
  74. Silva, 2015, The inclusion of disabled persons in the labor market in Belo horizonte, Brazil: scenario and perspective, Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20, 2549
  75. Ferris, 2008, The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1348, 10.1037/a0012743 · DOI
  76. Fiset, 2018, Seeing the unseen: ostracism interventionary behaviour and its impact on employees, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27, 403, 10.1080/1359432X.2018.1462159 · DOI
  77. Jansen, 2014, Inclusion: Conceptualization and measurement, European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 370, 10.1002/ejsp.2011 · DOI
  78. Lima, 2016, Measuring organizational cultural intelligence: The development and validation of a scale, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16, 9, 10.1177/1470595815615625 · DOI
  79. Nishii, 2013, The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender-diverse groups, Academy of Management Journal, 56, 1754, 10.5465/amj.2009.0823 · DOI · Paper page
  80. Pearce, 2004, Expectations of organizational mobility, workplace social inclusion, and employee job performance, Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25, 81, 10.1002/job.232 · DOI
  81. Downe-Wamboldt, 1992, Content analysis: method, applications, and issues, Health Care Women Int, 13, 313, 10.1080/07399339209516006 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Dahl, 2014, Making up workers in an inclusive organisation: Inclusion and diversity in Danish parking patrol, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33, 249, 10.1108/EDI-11-2013-0093 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Rezai, M., Lindsay, S., Ahmed, H., & Vijayakumar, A.
Affiliations
  • Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital (CA)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author
Rezai, Mana
Venue
Work
Published
2023-05-16
Volume
75
Issue
1
Pages
59-73
ISSN
  • 1051-9815 (ISSN-L)
  • 1875-9270
OpenAlex
W4313424417
Cited by
18
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 1
FWCI
0.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Work (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
  • Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Keywords
workplace inclusion, barriers to inclusion, facilitators of inclusion, inclusive workplace culture, attitudinal barriers, inclusive leadership, employer support, employee participation, employee well-being, organizational factors, workplace diversity
MeSH terms
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Humans, Workplace

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review