The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lichen Sclerosus—Presentation, Diagnosis and Management
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is thought to be underdiagnosed and undertreated. If it is not treated, lichen sclerosus is associated with a greater degree of scarring and an elevated risk of cancer in the genital area. METHODS: This review is based on pertinent articles published up to October 2015 that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library and on the European S3 guideline for lichen sclerosus. RESULTS: Lichen sclerosus is mainly found in the anogenital area but can also be generalized. Extragenital involvement is reportedly present in 6% to 20% of patients. Neighboring mucous membranes, such as the vaginal or oral mucosa, are not typically affected. The disease is more common in women than in men, and occurs more often in adults than in children. About 10% of patients have other family members with the same condition. Anogenital lichen sclerosus often causes itching and pain. Functional impairment due to fissures and scars can arise over the course of the condition. The treatment of first choice is the local application of high-potency corticosteroids as early as possible (1/A). For boys and men in whom the condition does not remit after steroid treatment, circumcision is indicated (3/D). CONCLUSION: Anogenital itching and clinical features such as erythema, white skin changes (such as hyperkeratosis and sclerosis), and fissures should arouse suspicion of lichen sclerosus. The diagnosis should be confirmed with a skin biopsy, and early, thorough treatment should be initiated. In this way, a mutilating disease course can be averted, and the risk of cancer can be lessened.
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Cites
Powell, J., & Wojnarowska, F. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08228-2 · Cited by 515
Long-term Management of Adult Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
Lee, A. H., Bradford, J. A., & Fischer, G. O. (2015) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0643 · Cited by 400
Evidence‐based (S3) Guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus
Kirtschig, G., Becker, K., Günthert, A. R., Jasaitienė, D., Cooper, S. M., Chi, C., Kreuter, A., Rall, K., Aberer, W., Riechardt, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13136 · Cited by 348
Self-citationAutoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus
Oyama, N., Chan, I., Neill, S. M., Hamada, T., South, A. P., Wessagowit, V., Wojnarowska, F., D’Cruz, D. P., Hughes, G. J., Black, M. M., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13863-9 · Cited by 320
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
Wallace, H. J. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-29668-9_1604 · Cited by 307
Does Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Influence Its Prognosis?
Cooper, S. M., Gao, X., Powell, J., & Wojnarowska, F. (2004) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.140.6.702 · Cited by 280
The Association of Lichen Sclerosus and Erosive Lichen Planus of the Vulva With Autoimmune Disease
Cooper, S. M., Ali, I., Baldo, M., et al. (2008) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.144.11.1432 · Cited by 240
Prevalence of vulvar lichen sclerosus in a general gynecology practice.
Goldstein, A. T., Marinoff, S. C., Christopher, K., et al. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 211
Clinical parameters in male genital lichen sclerosus: a case series of 329 patients
Edmonds, E. V. J., Hunt, S., Hawkins, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04155.x · Cited by 198
Terlou, A., Santegoets, L. A. M., van der Meijden, W. I., Heijmans‐Antonissen, C., Swagemakers, S. M. A., van der Spek, P. J., Ewing, P. C., van Beurden, M., Helmerhorst, T. J. M., & Blok, L. J. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.369 · Cited by 188
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Welsh B, Howard A, Cook K: Vulval itch. Aust Fam Physician 2004; 33: 505–10
- Kirtschig G, Kuik DJ: A Dutch cohort study confirms familial occurrence of anogenital lichen sclerosus. J Women’s Health Care 2014; 3: 209–11.
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Lichen sclerosus: The 2023 update
De Luca, D. A., Papara, C., Vorobyev, A., Staiger, H., Bieber, K., Thaçi, D., & Ludwig, R. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1106318 · Cited by 208
Pediatric Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus—A Review of the Literature
Orszulak, D., Dulska, A., Niziński, K., Skowronek, K., Bodziony, J., Stojko, R., & Drosdzol-Cop, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137153 · Cited by 51
Te, B., Julien, D., Mar, K., Liu, R., & Kirshen, C. (2026) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1111/pde.70112 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirtschig, G.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kirtschig, Gudula
- ORCID
- Kirtschig, Gudula
- Venue
- Deutsches Ärzteblatt international
- Publisher
- Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH
- Published
- 2016-05-13
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 337-43
- ISSN
- 1866-0452 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4904529
- OpenAlex
- W2400899138
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- de
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Deutsches Ärzteblatt international (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Genital Health and Disease
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Medicine and Dermatology Studies History
- Keywords
- lichen sclerosus, corticosteroid therapy, circumcision, skin biopsy, scar formation, pruritus, S3 guideline
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Combined Modality Therapy, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Urogenital Neoplasms, Treatment Outcome, Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus, Evidence-Based Medicine
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