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AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation
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Background: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly integrated into doctoral students’ academic work, but excessive reliance on these tools may be associated with students’ confidence, perceived academ... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
Checked 2026-11-11 · 38 references not checked yet
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a cross-sectional survey of 284 doctoral students in China, AI academic dependency was positively associated with academic self-efficacy, impostor feelings, and fear of negative evaluation, and fear of negative evaluation was positively associated with academic burnout. The impostor-related indirect pathways were supported, while the self-efficacy-related indirect effects were statistically significant but operated opposite to the hypothesized directions.
Key findings
- AI academic dependency was positively associated with academic self-efficacy (β = 0.315, p < 0.001), contrary to H1a, and also with impostor phenomenon (β = 0.325, p < 0.001) and fear of negative evaluation (β = 0.183, p = 0.001).
- Academic self-efficacy was positively associated with fear of negative evaluation (β = 0.168, p = 0.003), contrary to H2a; impostor phenomenon was positively associated with fear of negative evaluation (β = 0.295, p < 0.001), and fear of negative evaluation was positively associated with academic burnout (β = 0.389, p < 0.001).
- Significant indirect effects included AD → IP → FN (β = 0.096, 95% CI [0.052, 0.151]), AD → FN → AB (β = 0.071, 95% CI [0.027, 0.124]), and AD → IP → FN → AB (β = 0.037, 95% CI [0.019, 0.065]).
- Self-efficacy-related indirect effects were significant but not supported as hypothesized: AD → AS → FN (β = 0.053, 95% CI [0.016, 0.101]) and AD → AS → FN → AB (β = 0.021, 95% CI [0.006, 0.044]). R² values were 0.099 for AS, 0.105 for IP, 0.238 for FN, and 0.151 for AB.
Methods
- Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey of 284 currently enrolled doctoral students in China, recruited via convenience and snowball sampling in May 2026; 300 questionnaires were submitted and 16 excluded for duplicate IPs or uniform response patterns.
- Measures were adapted to doctoral academic contexts: 6-item AI academic dependency, 8-item academic self-efficacy, 6-item academic impostor phenomenon, 8-item fear of negative evaluation, and 10-item academic burnout, all on 5-point Likert scales.
- Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4.1.1.4 was used, with bootstrapping of 5000 resamples to assess direct and indirect effects.
Limitations
- The paper states that the cross-sectional design prevents causal or temporal inferences, and that self-report questionnaires may introduce common-method and social-desirability bias, especially for sensitive constructs such as AI dependency and impostor feelings.
- The paper states that convenience and snowball sampling of doctoral students in China limits generalizability, and that the exact number/type of institutions and potential clustering could not be determined because no university, department, or laboratory identifiers were collected.
- The paper states measurement limitations: the adapted academic burnout scale’s dimensional structure needs further validation in doctoral populations, AI academic dependency was treated as an overall construct without distinguishing forms of AI use, and AI fatigue and changes in AI use were not assessed.
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47 Sources not found · 34 Own result · 30 Own method · 21 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Academic self-efficacy (β = 0.168, p = 0.003) and the impostor phenomenon (β = 0.295, p < 0.001) were both positively related to fear of negative evaluation, which was associated with higher academic burnout (β = 0.389, p < 0.001).”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The specific indirect effect of AI academic dependency on academic burnout through fear of negative evaluation was also significant (β = 0.071, 95% CI [0.027, 0.124]), supporting H5.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.3 Structural Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Academic self-efficacy (β = 0.168, p = 0.003) and the impostor phenomenon (β = 0.295, p < 0.001) were both positively related to fear of negative evaluation, which was associated with higher academic burnout (β = 0.389, p < 0.001).”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI academic dependency explained 9.9% of the variance in academic self-efficacy and 10.5% of the variance in the impostor phenomenon.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.3 Structural Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The self-efficacy-related indirect effects were also statistically significant, but the component paths involving self-efficacy operated in directions contrary to the original theoretical expectations.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“H1c | AD → FN | 0.183 | 0.057 | 3.213 | 0.001 | [0.073, 0.298] | Supported”
- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
“AI academic dependency was positively associated with academic self-efficacy, the impostor phenomenon, and fear of negative evaluation.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 6 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater AI academic dependency was associated with higher academic self-efficacy (β = 0.315, p < 0.001), stronger impostor feelings (β = 0.325, p < 0.001), and greater fear of negative evaluation (β = 0.183, p = 0.001).”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The indirect effect of AI academic dependency on fear of negative evaluation through academic self-efficacy was positive and significant (β = 0.053, 95% CI [0.016, 0.101]).”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.3 Structural Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the sequential indirect effect through the impostor phenomenon and fear of negative evaluation was positive and significant (β = 0.037, 95% CI [0.019, 0.065]), supporting H6b.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.3 Structural Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“H4b | AD → IP → FN | 0.096 | 0.025 | 3.820 | <0.001 | [0.052, 0.151] | Supported”
- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
“The indirect pathways involving the impostor phenomenon and fear of negative evaluation were supported, whereas the self-efficacy-related indirect effects were statistically significant, but the component paths involving self-efficacy operated in directions contrary to those originally proposed.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 6 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 48
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“H4a | AD → AS → FN | 0.053 | 0.022 | 2.438 | 0.02 | [0.016, 0.101] | Not supported”
- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
“The indirect pathways involving the impostor phenomenon and fear of negative evaluation were supported, whereas the self-efficacy-related indirect effects were statistically significant, but the component paths involving self-efficacy operated in directions contrary to those originally proposed.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 6 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“H6a | AD → AS → FN → AB | 0.021 | 0.010 | 2.080 | 0.04 | [0.006, 0.044] | Not supported”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 6 Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The f 2 values were 0.110 for AD → AS, 0.118 for AD → IP, 0.037 for AD → FN, 0.031 for AS → FN, 0.094 for IP → FN, and 0.178 for FN → AB.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.3 Structural Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fariborz et al. [36] demonstrated that academic stress significantly predicts burnout among university students, with self-efficacy serving as a critical buffer against the negative effects of chronic stress.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Self-efficacy influences how people think, feel, motivate themselves, and serves as a critical cognitive mechanism through which environmental experiences are translated into behavioral outcomes [14,15].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.1 Social Cognitive Theory
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Yılmaz et al. [38] concluded that fear of negative evaluation significantly predicts school burnout among students through empirical evidence.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cronbach's α values ranged from 0.897 to 0.942, and composite reliability values ranged from 0.921 to 0.950, indicating strong internal consistency across all constructs.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.2 Measurement Model
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lan et al. [5] demonstrated that AI-related factors can initiate burnout through psychological mechanisms.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants were doctoral students enrolled in China, and the observed associations may partly reflect characteristics of the local doctoral education context.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Academic environments may differ across countries in supervisory practices, competitive norms, performance expectations, evaluation systems, and attitudes toward generative AI.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Social cognitive theory explains human functioning through reciprocal relationships among environmental conditions, personal factors, and behavioral patterns [12,13,16].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.1 Theoretical Contributions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“In particular, AI fatigue is conceptually distinct from dependency and may influence patterns of continued AI engagement.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Zhang et al. [19] further identified links between academic self-efficacy and AI dependency through academic stress and AI performance expectations, while reduced independent thinking was reported as a perceived consequence of problematic AI use.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.2 The Impact of AI Academic Dependency
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Persistent evaluative concern may subsequently be associated with greater academic burnout as cognitive and emotional resources are repeatedly directed toward anticipated judgment and performance-related anxiety [26,34].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [34]
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hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In turn, sustained evaluative concern may be associated with greater academic burnout.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Informed consent was obtained from all participants.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As proposed in H2a, lower academic self-efficacy may correspond to greater fear of negative evaluation because students who are less confident in their competence may perceive academic scrutiny as more threatening.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings indicate that greater AI academic dependency can coexist with stronger perceived academic capability as well as greater impostor feelings and evaluative concerns.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.1 Theoretical Contributions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because AI fatigue and changes in AI use were not assessed in the present study, this possibility cannot be excluded.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Levecque et al. [7] reported alarmingly high rates of mental health problems attributable to work organization factors, while Satinsky et al. [8] reported, in a systematic review and meta-analysis, substantial levels of depression and anxiety among Ph.D. students, with prevalence estimates exceeding those typically reported in the general population.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Nonterah et al. [26] established that FN mediates the relationship between academic stress and psychological distress, providing empirical precedent for its hypothesized mediational role.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.2 The Impact of AI Academic Dependency
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adapted academic burnout scale incorporated both burnout symptoms and aspects of academic functioning, and its dimensional structure should be further validated in doctoral populations.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 300 questionnaires were submitted.Responses were screened using predefined quality-control criteria.Sixteen responses were excluded because of duplicate IP addresses or highly uniform response patterns, leaving 284 participants in the final analytical sample.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 3.1 Participants and Procedure
plainn = 284- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI academic dependency was also treated as an overall construct without distinguishing different forms of AI use or related experiences.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Decades of research consistently demonstrate that PhD students experience disproportionately high rates of anxiety, depression, and burnout compared to both the general population and other educational groups worldwide [7][8][9].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower academic self-efficacy may, in turn, increase vulnerability to evaluative concerns because students who are less confident in their academic capabilities are more likely to perceive judgment and performance evaluation as threatening.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results indicate that the constructs were empirically distinct and that the measurement model was suitable for structural model testing.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.2 Measurement Model
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sverdlik et al. [10] similarly stated that doctoral students experiencing impostor cognitions usually attributed their success to luck or external assistance rather than inherent ability.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.2 The Impact of AI Academic Dependency
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Elashram et al. [39] reported a negative association between patterns of AI use and burnout among graduate students, although their study did not specifically assess AI dependency.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persistent fear of unfavorable evaluation can place sustained cognitive and emotional demands on students, particularly in doctoral contexts characterized by recurrent scrutiny through supervision, peer review, conference presentation, and dissertation assessment.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observed indirect association involving the impostor phenomenon and fear of negative evaluation is consistent with the possibility that students who rely heavily on AI may experience concerns about the legitimacy of their achievements or about whether their independent competence will withstand external evaluation.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.2 Practical Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the present study was cross-sectional, these recommendations should be viewed as evidence-informed directions rather than interventions whose effectiveness has already been established.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.2 Practical Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Harman's single-factor test and full collinearity VIF did not indicate serious common-method bias, these procedures are diagnostic rather than definitive.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Reliance on AI for substantive academic work may increase uncertainty about the extent to which academic achievements reflect students' own competence, thereby strengthening impostor feelings [10,11].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AVE values ranged from 0.637 to 0.660, all above the 0.50 criterion, supporting convergent validity.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.2 Measurement Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sverdlik et al. [10] demonstrated that PhD impostor syndrome is associated with diminished well-being, reduced research productivity, and increased attrition intentions.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.3 Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Phenomenon, and Fear of Negative Evaluation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nori et al. [23] found that doctoral students frequently express beliefs that they have gained admission through luck rather than merit and feared eventual discovery of their inadequacy.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.3 Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Phenomenon, and Fear of Negative Evaluation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was approved by the Academic Affairs Office of Business School, Guangdong Ocean University.The study was conducted in accordance with local legislation, institutional requirements, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals experiencing greater AI fatigue may reduce their current or future AI use [20], meaning that highly fatigued students may be underrepresented among persistent users.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the two pathways showed different patterns: the impostor-related pathway operated in the hypothesized direction, whereas the self-efficacy-related indirect effect was statistically significant, but its component paths involving self-efficacy were inconsistent with the original theoretical expectations.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.1 Theoretical Contributions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was related to stronger perceived academic capability while also corresponding to greater impostor feelings, evaluative anxiety, and academic burnout.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When doctoral students repeatedly rely on AI to perform intellectually central academic tasks, opportunities to develop confidence through autonomous mastery may become more limited, which may weaken their perceived ability to perform comparable tasks independently.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such feelings are closely associated with concerns that perceived inadequacy will eventually be exposed, making fear of negative evaluation a theoretically relevant subsequent response [33].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At the core of SCT lies the principle of triadic reciprocal determinism, whereby environmental conditions, personal cognitive and affective factors, and behavior continuously interact and influence one another [13].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Wang et al. [11] conducted a comprehensive scoping review of the impostor phenomenon among doctoral students, and concluded that the unique demands of doctoral training (e.g., prolonged timelines, ambiguous success criteria, and continuous evaluative scrutiny) create fertile ground for impostor cognitions.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.3 Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Phenomenon, and Fear of Negative Evaluation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Pervez et al. [31] further established significant associations between impostor syndrome and mental illness among doctoral students of management, which highlights the clinical significance of this phenomenon in graduate education.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.3 Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Phenomenon, and Fear of Negative Evaluation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the two pathways involve different forms of selfappraisal, they converge on fear of negative evaluation as a proximal affective mechanism: the self-efficacy pathway concerns perceived academic capability, whereas the impostor pathway concerns the perceived legitimacy and authenticity of academic achievement.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive appraisals operate as mediators rather than mere moderators, actively processing and interpreting environmental input before behavioral output is generated [16].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.1 Social Cognitive Theory
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliance on AI may enhance students' perceived capacity to complete academic work, while also coexisting with stronger impostor feelings, uncertainty about the authenticity of academic performance, and heightened concern about external evaluation.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 6 Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levecque et al. [7] reported alarmingly high rates of mental health problems attributable to work organization factors, while Satinsky et al. [8] reported, in a systematic review and meta-analysis, substantial levels of depression and anxiety among Ph.D. students, with prevalence estimates exceeding those typically reported in the general population.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Impostor feelings are also closely tied to concerns about external judgment, because individuals who doubt the legitimacy of their accomplishments tend to remain vigilant to situations in which their perceived inadequacy may be exposed [33].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In academia, this phenomenon is characterized as AI dependency, a maladaptive pattern of over-reliance on intelligent systems, which progressively undermines users' autonomous cognitive engagement, critical thinking capacities, and even emotional well-being [3].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When doctoral students habitually assign intellectually demanding tasks (e.g., conceptual analysis, argument development, and academic writing) to AI systems, they are likely to experience a gradual decrease of confidence in their own intellectual capabilities alongside increasing anxiety about their academic competence and authenticity [4].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Dobos et al. [37] linked academic burnout to maladaptive psychological outcomes including hopelessness among university students, further confirming its severity.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.4 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Burnout
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, all constructs were assessed concurrently through self-report questionnaires, which may introduce commonmethod and social desirability bias.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.3 Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The VIF values were 1.301 for AI academic dependency (AD), 1.331 for academic self-efficacy (AS), 1.392 for academic impostor phenomenon (IP), 1.347 for fear of negative evaluation (FN), and 1.525 for academic burnout (AB), all below the conservative 3.3 threshold.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.1 Common Method Bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Academic self-efficacy is generally regarded as an adaptive psychological resource associated with effort regulation, productive learning strategies, and academic performance [18].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.1 Theoretical Contributions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Such uncertainty is conceptually consistent with the impostor phenomenon, which is characterized by difficulty internalizing achievement and the tendency to attribute success to external sources rather than personal ability [10,11,22].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Doctoral students who rely extensively on AI for idea generation, argument development, or academic writing may experience greater uncertainty regarding the extent to which their academic achievements reflect their own competence.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI academic dependency, academic self-efficacy, the academic impostor phenomenon, fear of negative evaluation, and academic burnout were measured using established scales adapted to the doctoral academic context.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Over time, such evaluative concerns may contribute to emotional exhaustion and disengagement, which are central features of academic burnout [34,35].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Goh et al. [1] found that greater generative AI dependency was associated with more cognitive failures and procrastination and with lower task performance and critical thinking.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.2 The Impact of AI Academic Dependency
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the conventional benchmarks of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35, these results indicate small effects for AD → AS, AD → IP, AD → FN, AS → FN, and IP → FN, and a medium effect for FN → AB.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 4.3 Structural Model
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Mastery experiences constitute a central source of self-efficacy because successfully completing demanding tasks through one's own effort strengthens beliefs in personal competence [13,14].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Repeated reliance on AI for academically demanding tasks may limit opportunities for autonomous mastery and thereby be associated with lower confidence in one's independent academic capabilities [13,14].”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 2.5 Mediation Effects
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zhang et al. [19], for example, found no significant direct relationship between academic self-efficacy and AI dependency.”
§ AI Academic Dependency and Academic Burnout among Doctoral Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Self-Efficacy, Impostor Feelings, and Fear of Negative Evaluation > 5.1 Theoretical Contributions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The deeper psychological mechanisms through which AI dependency may aggravate burnout among doctoral students are substantially under-theorized and empirically neglected.
“However, the deeper psychological mechanisms through which AI dependency may progressively aggravate burnout among the most academically vulnerable population remain substantially under-theorized and empirically neglected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The introduction of AI tools capable of performing core academic tasks reveals a novel and largely unexplored risk factor that may intensify existing vulnerabilities among PhD students.
“Against this already fragile psychological backdrop, the introduction of AI tools capable of performing core academic tasks reveals a novel and largely unexplored risk factor that may intensify existing vulnerabilities among PhD students.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The five constructs (AI academic dependency, academic self-efficacy, impostor phenomenon, fear of negative evaluation, academic burnout) are theoretically distinct aspects of doctoral students' experiences.
“Although all five constructs were assessed through individual self-reports, they represent theoretically distinct aspects of doctoral students' experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal ordering, with AI academic dependency preceding the mediators and outcomes.
“This study adopted a cross-sectional online questionnaire design”
“The indirect effect of AI academic dependency on fear of negative evaluation through academic self-efficacy was positive and significant”
The paper relies on this without support.
The convenience and snowball sample of 284 doctoral students in China is representative enough to generalize the findings to doctoral students in China.
“employed convenience and snowball sampling to recruit currently enrolled doctoral students in China”
“A total of 300 questionnaires were submitted.Responses were screened using predefined quality-control criteria.Sixteen responses were excluded because of duplicate IP addresses or highly uniform response patterns, leaving 284 participants in the final analytical sample.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The adapted measures adequately capture the intended constructs in the doctoral academic context.
“The items were selected on the basis of conceptual relevance to the present academic context rather than their factor loadings in the original validation study.”
“The adapted six-item measure demonstrated good internal consistency in the present sample (Cronbach's α = 0.897).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Academic environments may differ across countries in supervisory practices, competitive norms, performance expectations, evaluation systems, and attitudes toward generative AI.
“Academic environments may differ across countries in supervisory practices, competitive norms, performance expectations, evaluation systems, and attitudes toward generative AI.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Undergraduate and master's students may experience different academic demands, evaluative contexts, and patterns of generative AI use.
“Undergraduate and master's students may also experience different academic demands, evaluative contexts, and patterns of generative AI use.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Zhao T, Zhao X, Cheah KSL, Zhang Y. ChatGPT, loneliness, and well-being among international PhD students in Malaysia: a mixed-methods study. Int J Ment Health Promot. 2025;27(12):2023-38. [CrossRef]. · DOI
- Naseer A, Ahmad NR, Chishti MA. Psychological impacts of AI dependence: assessing the cognitive and emotional costs of intelligent systems in daily life. Rev Appl Manag Soc Sci. 2025;8(1):291-307. [CrossRef]. · DOI
- Guo Y, Liu X. Mental health and well-being of doctoral students: a systematic review. Int J Ment Health Promot. 2026;28(1):1-10. [CrossRef]. · DOI
- Schunk DH, DiBenedetto MK. Academic self-efficacy. In: Handbook of positive psychology in schools: supporting process and practice. New York, NY, USA: Routledge; 2022. p. 268-82.
- Pajares F. Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Rev Educ Res. 1996;66(4):543-78. [CrossRef]. · DOI · Paper page
- de la Fuente J, Kauffman DF, Boruchovitch E. Editorial: past, present and future contributions from the social cognitive theory (Albert Bandura). Front Psychol. 2023;14:1258249. [CrossRef]. · DOI
- Fariborz N, Hadi J, Ali TN. Students' academic stress, stress response and academic burnout: mediating role of self-efficacy. Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit. 2019;27(4):2441-54.
- Bandura A. The role of selective moral disengagement in terrorism and counterterrorism. In: Understanding terrorism: Psychosocial roots, consequences, and interventions. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association; 2005. p. 121-50. [CrossRef]. · DOI
Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Long, F., Xu, Z., Ngah, A. H., & Wang, H.
- Affiliations
- Guangdong Ocean University (CN)
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (MY)
- Hunan University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Ziqing
- ORCID
- Xu, Ziqing
- Venue
- International Journal of Mental Health Promotion
- Publisher
- Tech Science Press
- Published
- 2026
- Volume
- 0
- Issue
- 0
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1462-3730 (ISSN-L)
- 2049-8543
- OpenAlex
- W7225122516
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Mental Health Promotion (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Guangdong Ocean University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Doctoral Education Challenges and Solutions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Keywords
- generative AI, doctoral students, academic burnout, academic self-efficacy, fear of negative evaluation, AI reliance, academic mental health
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