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Cited by 1Surfactants and Colloidal SystemsEssential Oils and Antimicrobial ActivityAntimicrobial agents and applications

Toilet Soap Formulation and Additives for Its Enhanced Physicochemical and Medicinal Properties

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Abdul, Aminullah Zakariyyah, Karamat, Nazia, Tar, Usman Alhaji, Saka, Tahiru, ABUBAKAR, ABDULHALIM MUSA, Memon, Hafeez-ur-Rahman·2024·University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science
DOI 10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i1.1227
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Abstract

Human skin is an island in constant interaction between diverse microorganisms (Archaea, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa), especially the inner elbow, armpit and buttocks, of which an imminent health danger is possible during injury or their sustained proliferation. Fat-soluble lauric acid-containing palm kernel oil, hardness-giving caustic soda and water solvent were essential ingredients used to produce toilet soap in this study, via a mechanized setup. Free caustic alkali (FCA), pH and moisture content (MC), as determined for additive (honey, clove, black seed) formulations A, B, C, D and E, which are respectively in the range of 0.006-0.02%, 7.10-9.97, and 7.33-15.33%, gave a soap of desired medicinal functionality. Formulation E physicochemical property compares favorably with other soaps, including Septol, Dettol, Premier, Joy, Sunlight, and Premier Cool found in Nigerian markets. It is found that the three additives introduced into the formulation in the ratio of 33, 50 and 17%, respectively, are responsible for its septic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and sanitizing properties. With this fit achieved, improvement, packaging and mass production of the produced toilet soap already having satisfactory foam stability, lathering, cleansing, fragrance, form and quality (according to SNI standard), is encouraged in this part of the world.

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Crossref · 10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i1.1227

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  • The improved foam production of the blended soaps is likely due to their higher TFM content and the presence of potassium, which enhance foam formation and stability.

    “The improved foam production of the blended soaps is likely due to their higher Total Fatty Matter (TFM) content and the presence of potassium, which enhance foam formation and stability (Abdul et al., 2024).”

    From Production and Characterization of the Properties of Soap using Alkali from Agricultural Waste (2026) · cites this paper as Abdul et al., 2024

    The Abstract (page unavailable) says the formulated soap had satisfactory foam stability, but does not explain its foam production. Searches for potassium and total fatty matter found no passage linking either to improved foam formation or stability; the indexed passages do not establish the claimed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.72)

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  48. Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024)
  49. Abdul, A. Z., Karamat, N., Tar, U. A., Saka, T., ABUBAKAR, A. M., & Memon, H.- ur-R. (2024). Toilet Soap Formulation and Additives for Its Enhanced Physicochemical and Medicinal Properties. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science, 11(1), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i1.1227

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Authors
Abdul, A. Z., Karamat, N., Tar, U. A., Saka, T., ABUBAKAR, A. M., & Memon, H.-U.-R.
Affiliations
  • Federal University Wukari (NG)
  • Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
  • University of Maiduguri (NG)
  • Modibbo Adama University of Technology (NG)
  • Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (PK)
ORCID
Venue
University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science
Publisher
University of Thi-Qar
Published
2024-06-19
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
155-162
ISSN
  • 1991-8690 (ISSN-L)
  • 2709-0256
DOI
10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i1.1227
OpenAlex
W4399795896
Cited by
1
References
2
Citations by year
2025: 1
FWCI
0.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Surfactants and Colloidal Systems
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
Keywords
toilet soap, soap formulation, palm kernel oil, lauric acid, sodium hydroxide, Syzygium aromaticum, Nigella sativa, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, moisture content, physicochemical properties, skin hygiene

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