UNDERSTANDING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OPTION
Open accessAbstract
Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative research methodology option that requires further understanding and consideration. PAR is considered democratic, equitable, liberating, and life-enhancing qualitative inquiry that remains distinct from other qualitative methodologies (Kach & Kralik, 2006). Using PAR, qualitative features of an individual’s feelings, views, and patterns are revealed without control or manipulation from the researcher. The participant is active in making informed decisions throughout all aspects of the research process for the primary purpose of imparting social change; a specific action (or actions) is the ultimate goal. The following paper will contextualize PAR in terms of its history, principles, definitions, and strengths, as well as discuss challenges and practical suggestions for using PAR. In addition, it will examine focus groups and interviews as methods for data collection, the role of PAR in education, and the types of research for which PAR is best suited.
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Platforms like ScratchJr enable young learners to engage with movement, sequences and directions through digital interactions.
“Platforms like ScratchJr enable young learners to engage with movement, sequences and directions through digital interactions. 29”
From Integrating Play-Based Learning with Coding for Early Childhood Mathematics Education in Under-Resourced Schools (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
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In the field: Notes on observation in qualitative research
Mulhall, A. (2003) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02514.x · Cited by 838 · see citing works
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Denzin’s Paradigm Shift: Revisiting Triangulation in Qualitative Research
Fusch, P., Fusch, G. E., & Ness, L. R. (2018) · Journal of Social Change · doi:10.5590/josc.2018.10.1.02 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Rossing, W. A. H., Albicette, M. M., Aguerre, V., Leoni, C., Ruggia, A., & Dogliotti, S. (2021) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103103 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Aladsani, H. K. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2487517 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Stapleton, A., & Mayock, P. (2023) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2021.2008463 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“PAR is an assetbased approach that recognises and values young people as active agents within existing political, economic and social contexts (Brydon-Miller and Maguire 2009; Cammarota and Fine 2010; MacDonald 2012).”
BackgroundSelepe, M. A., & Willemse, K. (2025) · Journal of Education and Learning Technology · doi:10.38159/jelt.2025695
“54 The findings further reveal that participants intentionally incorporated hands-on activities, such as using LEGO Six Bricks in play-based learning, to develop children’s mathematical skills.”
- Authors
- MacDonald, C.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- MacDonald, Cathy
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Action Research
- Publisher
- Nipissing University Library
- Published
- 2012-09-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 34-50
- ISSN
- 1925-7147 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2170580565
- Cited by
- 852
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 49.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Action Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Art Integration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Participatory Visual Research Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- participatory action research, qualitative research methodology, democratic research, social change, focus groups, action research in education
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