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Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals

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Harris, G, Thirgood, S, Hopcraft, JGC, Cromsight, JPGM, Berger, J·2009·Endangered Species Research

DOI 10.3354/esr00173

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Abstract

Knowledge of mammal migrations is low, and human impacts on migrations high.This jeopardizes efforts to conserve terrestrial migrations.To aid the conservation of these migrations, we synthesized information worldwide, describing 24 large-bodied ungulates that migrate in aggregations.This synthesis includes maps of extinct and extant migrations, numbers of migrants, summaries of ecological drivers and threats migrants confront.As data are often lacking, we outlined steps for science to address and inform conservation actions.We evaluated migrants against this framework, and reported their status.Mass migrations for 6 species are extinct or unknown.Most remaining migrants (n = 9) occur from 6 locations in Africa, with Eurasia and North America containing 6 and 4 remaining mass migrants, respectively (with caribou/reindeer Rangifer tarandus occurring in both regions).All migrants declined in abundance, except wildebeest and other migrants in the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem (SME), white-eared kob and tiang in Sudan, and some caribou populations.Protected areas only contain migrations for 5 species in the SME, chiru on the Tibetan Plateau, and some caribou populations in North America.Most mass migrants track the seasonal and shifting patterns of greening vegetation over expanses of savannahs, steppes, and grasslands.Principal threats include overhunting and habitat loss from livestock, agriculture, and fencing that excludes animals from forage or water.Conservation science overlooks numerous migrations, so many have already disappeared and continue to do so.Key principles for conserving migrants, exemplified by the SME and Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), include securing seasonal ranges, resource protection, government support and minimizing fences.This review forms a baseline for initiating conservation action for many ungulate migrations needing attention.

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Authors: Harris, G., Thirgood, S., Hopcraft, J., Cromsight, J., & Berger, J.
Affiliations: American Museum of Natural History (US)
University of Aberdeen (GB)
University of Groningen (NL)
University of Montana (US)
Corresponding author: Harris, G
ORCID: Harris, G
Berger, J
Venue: Endangered Species Research
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Published: 2009-04-21
Volume: 7
Pages: 55-76
ISSN: 1613-4796 (ISSN-L)
1863-5407
DOI: 10.3354/esr00173
OpenAlex: W2100345819
Cited by: 419
References: 112
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 11.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Endangered Species Research (publishedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
Funders: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Wildlife Conservation Society
European Commission
Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
Keywords: ungulate migration, large mammals, mass migration, migration decline, seasonal range use, vegetation greening, overhunting, livestock grazing, habitat loss, fencing, protected areas, Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, reindeer, wildebeest, Tibetan Plateau

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Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals

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