A population-genetic perspective on the similarities and differences among worldwide human populations
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies have produced a variety of advances in the investigation of genetic similarities and differences among human populations. Here, I pose a series of questions about human population-genetic similarities and differences, and I then answer these questions by numerical computation with a single shared population-genetic data set. The collection of answers obtained provides an introductory perspective for understanding key results on the features of worldwide human genetic variation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Genetic differences among populations, as measured by FST, are small in comparison with variation within populations.
“The genetic apportionment computation shows that genetic differences among populations, as measured by FST, are small in comparison with variation within populations [45–47].”
From Interpreting polygenic scores, polygenic adaptation, and human phenotypic differences (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
DeGiorgio, M., Jakobsson, M., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903341106 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 37
- Barbujani G Colonna V 2010 Human genome diversity: frequently asked questions Trends Genet 26 285 295 20471132
- Barbujani G Di Benedetto G Donnelly P Foley R 2001 Genetic variances within and between human groups Genes, Fossils and Behaviour 63 77 IOS Press Cambridge
- Bowcock AM Ruiz-Linares A Tomfohrde J Minch E Kidd JR Cavalli-Sforza LL 1994 High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites Nature 368 455 457 7510853
- Brown RA Armelagos GJ 2001 Apportionment of racial diversity: a review Evol Anthropol 10 34 40
- Cann HM de Toma C Cazes L Legrand MF Morel V Pioffre L Bodmer J Bodmer WF Bonne-Tamir B Cambon-Thomsen A Chen Z Chu J Carcassi C Contu L Du R Excoffier L Ferrara GB Friedlaender JS Groot H Gurwitz D Jenkins T Herrera RJ Huang X Kidd J Kidd KK Langaney A Lin AA Mehdi SQ Parham P Piazza A Pistillo MP Qian Y Shu Q Xu J Zhu S Weber JL Greely HT Feldman MW Thomas G Dausset J Cavalli-Sforza LL 2002 A human genome diversity cell line panel Science 296 261 262 11954565
- Cavalli-Sforza LL 2005 The Human Genome Diversity Project: past, present and future Nature Rev Genet 6 333 340 15803201
- Cavalli-Sforza LL Feldman MW 2003 The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution Nature Genet 33 S266 S275 12610536
- Conrad DF Jakobsson M Coop G Wen X Wall JD Rosenberg NA Pritchard JK 2006 A worldwide survey of haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome Nature Genet 38 1251 1260 17057719
- Edwards AWF 2003 Human genetic diversity: Lewontin’s fallacy BioEssays 25 798 801 12879450
- Excoffier L Hamilton G 2003 Comment on “Genetic structure of human populations” Science 300 1877 12817127
- Falush D Stephens M Pritchard JK 2003 Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies Genetics 164 1567 1587 12930761 PMC1462648
- Garrigan D Hammer MF 2006 Reconstructing human origins in the genomic era Nature Rev Genet 7 669 680 16921345
- Goldstein DB Schlötterer C 1999 Microsatellites: Evolution and Applications Oxford University Press Oxford
- Harpending H Rogers A 2000 Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 1 361 385 11701634
- Hurlbert SH 1971 The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters Ecology 52 577 586 28973811
- Jorde LB Watkins WS Bamshad MJ 2001 Population genomics: a bridge from evolutionary history to genetic medicine Hum Mol Genet 10 2199 2207 11673402
- Lawson Handley LJ Manica A Goudet J Balloux F 2007 Going the distance: human population genetics in a clinal world Trends Genet 23 432 439 17655965
- Li JZ Absher DM Tang H Southwick AM Casto AM Ramachandran S Cann HM Barsh GS Feldman M Cavalli-Sforza LL Myers RM 2008 Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation Science 319 1100 1104 18292342
- Long JC Kittles RA 2003 Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races Hum Biol 75 449 471 14655871
- Mountain JL Cavalli-Sforza LL 1997 Multilocus genotypes, a tree of individuals, and human evolutionary history Am J Hum Genet 61 705 718 9326336 PMC1715971
- Nei M 1987 Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Columbia University Press New York
- Novembre J Ramachandran S 2011 Perspectives on human population structure at the cusp of the sequencing era Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 12 245 274 21801023
- Pritchard JK Stephens M Donnelly P 2000 Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data Genetics 155 945 959 10835412 PMC1461096
- Ramachandran S Deshpande O Roseman CC Rosenberg NA Feldman MW Cavalli-Sforza LL 2005 Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 15942 15947 16243969 PMC1276087
- Ramachandran S Rosenberg NA Zhivotovsky LA Feldman MW 2004 Robustness of the inference of human population structure: A comparison of X-chromosomal and autosomal microsatellites Hum Genomics 1 87 97 15601537 PMC3525066
- Relethford JH 2001 Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins Wiley-Liss New York
- Rosenberg NA 2006 Standardized subsets of the HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel, accounting for atypical and duplicated samples and pairs of close relatives Ann Hum Genet 70 841 847 17044859
- Rosenberg NA Li LM Ward R Pritchard JK 2003a Informativeness of genetic markers for inference of ancestry Am J Hum Genet 73 1402 1422 14631557 PMC1180403
- Rosenberg NA Mahajan S Ramachandran S Zhao C Pritchard JK Feldman MW 2005 Clines, clusters, and the effect of study design on the inference of human population structure PLoS Genet 1 660 671 PMC1310579 16355252
- Rosenberg NA Pritchard JK Weber JL Cann HM Kidd KK Zhivotovsky LA Feldman MW 2002 Genetic structure of human populations Science 298 2381 2385 12493913
- Rosenberg NA Pritchard JK Weber JL Cann HM Kidd KK Zhivotovsky LA Feldman MW 2003b Response to comment on “Genetic structure of human populations” Science 300 1877 12493913
- Ruvolo M Seielstad M Singh RS Krimbas CB Paul DB Beatty J 2001 The apportionment of human diversity: 25 years later Thinking about Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives 141 151 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
- Schroeder KB Schurr TG Long JC Rosenberg NA Crawford MH Tarskaia LA Osipova LP Zhadanov SI Smith DG 2007 A private allele ubiquitous in the Americas Biol Lett 3 218 223 17301009 PMC2375964
- Szpiech ZA Jakobsson M Rosenberg NA 2008 ADZE: a rarefaction approach for counting alleles private to combinations of populations Bioinformatics 24 2498 2504 18779233 PMC2732282
- Tishkoff SA Verrelli BC 2003 Patterns of human genetic diversity: implications for human evolutionary history and disease Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 4 293 340 14527305
- Venables WN Ripley BD 1997 Modern Applied Statistics with S-PLUS Springer-Verlag New York 2
- Zhivotovsky LA Rosenberg NA Feldman MW 2003 Features of evolution and expansion of modern humans, inferred from genomewide microsatellite markers Am J Hum Genet 72 1171 1186 12690579 PMC1180270
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Interpreting polygenic scores, polygenic adaptation, and human phenotypic differences
Rosenberg, N. A., Edge, M. D., Pritchard, J. K., & Feldman, M. W. (2019) · Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoy036 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“The genetic apportionment computation shows that genetic differences among populations, as measured by FST, are small in comparison with variation within populations [45-47].”
Self-citationMaglo, K. N., Mersha, T. B., & Martin, L. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2016.00022 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Continuity of Genetic Risk for Aggressive Behavior Across the Life-Course
van der Laan, C. M., Morosoli-García, J. J., van de Weijer, S. G. A., Colodro-Conde, L., the ACTION Consortium, Ip, H. F., van der Laan, C. M., Krapohl, E. M. L., Brikell, I., Sánchez-Mora, C., et al. (2021) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-021-10076-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rosenberg, N. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenberg, Noah A.
- ORCID
- Rosenberg, Noah A.
- Venue
- Human Biology
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 659-684
- ISSN
- 0018-7143 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6617
- PMC
- PMC3531797
- OpenAlex
- W2134841776
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Human Biology (submittedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM081441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- human genetic variation, population structure, population genetics
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Chromosome Mapping, Gene Frequency, Geography, Humans, Genetic Variation, Global Health, Cluster Analysis, Microsatellite Repeats, Genome-Wide Association Study, Phylogeography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review