Continuity of Genetic Risk for Aggressive Behavior Across the Life-Course
Open accessAbstract
We test whether genetic influences that explain individual differences in aggression in early life also explain individual differences across the life-course. In two cohorts from The Netherlands (N = 13,471) and Australia (N = 5628), polygenic scores (PGSs) were computed based on a genome-wide meta-analysis of childhood/adolescence aggression. In a novel analytic approach, we ran a mixed effects model for each age (Netherlands: 12–70 years, Australia: 16–73 years), with observations at the focus age weighted as 1, and decaying weights for ages further away. We call this approach a ‘rolling weights’ model. In The Netherlands, the estimated effect of the PGS was relatively similar from age 12 to age 41, and decreased from age 41–70. In Australia, there was a peak in the effect of the PGS around age 40 years. These results are a first indication from a molecular genetics perspective that genetic influences on aggressive behavior that are expressed in childhood continue to play a role later in life.
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Self-citationElam, K. K., Bountress, K. E., Ha, T., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., Alıev, F., Dick, D. M., & Lemery‐Chalfant, K. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000980 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationElam, K. K., & DiLalla, L. F. (2021) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-021-10078-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Genetics and epigenetics of human aggression
Odintsova, V. V., Hagenbeek, F. A., van der Laan, C. M., van de Weijer, S. G. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00005-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationvan de Weijer, S. G. A., & Moneva, A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100249 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bouliane, M., Boivin, M., Kretschmer, T., Lafreniere, B., Paquin, S., Tremblay, R. E., Côté, S. M., Gouin, J., Andlauer, T. F. M., Petitclerc, A., et al. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02654-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Su, J.-N., Jamil, B., Elam, K. K., Trevino, A. D., Lemery-Chalfant, K., Seaton, E. K., Cruz, R. A., & Grimm, K. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1505035 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Causal Factors of Serial Killers
Jarrett, A., Jarrett, A. F., & Shreve, M. D. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/10567879231163545 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Associations of externalizing polygenic scores with externalizing disorders among Mexican youth
Martínez-Levy, G. A., Maya-Martínez, M., García‐Marín, L. M., Díaz‐Torres, S., Gómez, L., Benjet, C. L., Rentería, M. E., Cruz-Fuentes, C. S., & Rabinowitz, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wojciechowski, T. (2024) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-024-09780-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Elam, K. K., Kutzner, J., Bettinger, S., Qin, W. A., & Summit, A. G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_85-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research on the Causes and Intervention Strategies of Adolescent Aggressive Behavior
范, 雪. (2025) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2025.145370 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The Impact of OXTR, HTR2A, and AR Gene Polymorphisms on Aggressive Behavior in Armenian Students
Proshakov, P. A., Куликов, А. М., Mkrtchyan, R., Revyakinaa, L. A., Butovskaya, M., & Lazebny, O. E. (2025) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-025-00262-9
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Revisiting the effects of adult roles on criminal offending: A genetically-informed study
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- Authors
- van der Laan, C. M., Morosoli-García, J. J., van de Weijer, S. G. A., Colodro-Conde, L., the ACTION Consortium, Ip, H. F., van der Laan, C. M., Krapohl, E. M. L., Brikell, I., Sánchez-Mora, C., Nolte, I. M., Pourcain, B. S., Bolhuis, K., Palviainen, T., Zafarmand, H., Colodro-Conde, L., Gordon, S., Zayats, T., Aliev, F., Jiang, C., Wang, C. A., Saunders, G., Karhunen, V., Hammerschlag, A. R., Adkins, D. E., Border, R., Peterson, R. E., Prinz, J. A., Thiering, E., Seppälä, I., Vilor-Tejedor, N., Ahluwalia, T. S., Day, F. R., Hottenga, J.-J., Allegrini, A. G., Rimfeld, K., Chen, Q., Lu, Y., Martin, J., Artigas, M. S., Rovira, P., Bosch, R., Español, G., Quiroga, J. A. R., Neumann, A., Ensink, J., Grasby, K., Morosoli, J. J., Tong, X., Marrington, S., Middeldorp, C., Scott, J. G., Vinkhuyzen, A., Shabalin, A. A., Corley, R., Evans, L. M., Sugden, K., Alemany, S., Sass, L., Vinding, R., Ruth, K., Tyrrell, J., Ehli, E. A., Hagenbeek, F. A., De Zeeuw, E., Van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., Larsson, H., Snieder, H., Verhulst, F. C., Amin, N., Whipp, A. M., Korhonen, T., Vuoksimaa, E., Rose, R. J., Uitterlinden, A. G., Heath, A. C., Madden, P., Haavik, J., Harris, J. R., Helgeland, Ø., Johansson, S., Knudsen, G. P. S., Njolstad, P. R., Lu, Q., Rodriguez, A., Henders, A. K., Mamun, A., Najman, J. M., Brown, S., Hopfer, C., Krauter, K., Reynolds, C., Smolen, A., Stallings, M., Wadsworth, S., Wall, T. L., Silberg, J. L., Miller, A., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Hakulinen, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Havdahl, A., Magnus, P., Raitakari, O. T., Perry, J. R. B., Llop, S., Lopez-Espinosa, M.-J., Bønnelykke, K., Bisgaard, H., Sunyer, J., Lehtimäki, T., Arseneault, L., Standl, M., Heinrich, J., Boden, J., Pearson, J., Horwood, L., Kennedy, M., Poulton, R., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Hewitt, J., Copeland, W. E., Costello, E. J., Williams, G. M., Wray, N., Järvelin, M.-R., McGue, M., Iacono, W., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Whitehouse, A., Pennell, C. E., Klump, K. L., Burt, S. A., Dick, D. M., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Vrijkotte, T., Kaprio, J., Tiemeier, H., Smith, G. D., Hartman, C. A., Oldehinkel, A. J., Casas, M., Ribasés, M., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., Plomin, R., Bartels, M., Nivard, M. G., Boomsma, D. I., Lupton, M. K., Mitchell, B. L., McAloney, K., Parker, R., Burns, J. M., Hickie, I. B., Pool, R., Hottenga, J.-J., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Nivard, M. G., & Boomsma, D. I.
- Affiliations
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Ip, Hill F.
- Krapohl, Eva M. L.
- Brikell, Isabell
- Nolte, Ilja M.
- Bolhuis, Koen
- Palviainen, Teemu
- Gordon, Scott
- Zayats, Tetyana
- Jiang, Chang
- Wang, Carol A.
- Saunders, Gretchen
- Karhunen, Ville
- Hammerschlag, Anke R.
- Adkins, Daniel E.
- Border, Richard
- Peterson, Roseann E.
- Thiering, Elisabeth
- Seppälä, Ilkka
- Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S.
- Day, Felix R.
- Allegrini, Andrea G.
- Rimfeld, Kaili
- Lu, Yi
- Martin, Joanna
- Artigas, María Soler
- Rovira, Paula
- Bosch, Rosa
- Neumann, Alexander
- Ensink, Judith
- Grasby, Katrina
- Tong, Xiaoran
- Marrington, Shelby
- Middeldorp, Christel
- Scott, James G.
- Vinkhuyzen, Anna
- Shabalin, Andrey A.
- Evans, Luke M.
- Sugden, Karen
- Alemany, Silvia
- Sass, Lærke
- Vinding, Rebecca
- Ruth, Kate
- Ehli, Erik A.
- Hagenbeek, Fiona A.
- Larsson, Henrik
- Snieder, Harold
- Verhulst, Frank C.
- Amin, Najaf
- Whipp, Alyce M.
- Korhonen, Tellervo
- Vuoksimaa, Eero
- Rose, Richard J.
- Uitterlinden, André G.
- Heath, Andrew C.
- Madden, Pamela
- Haavik, Jan
- Helgeland, Øyvind
- Johansson, Stefan
- Knudsen, Gun Peggy S.
- Lu, Qing
- Rodriguez, Alina
- Henders, Anjali K.
- Mamun, Abdullah
- Brown, Sandy
- Krauter, Kenneth
- Reynolds, Chandra
- Smolen, Andrew
- Stallings, Michael
- Wadsworth, Sally
- Wall, Tamara L.
- Silberg, Judy L.
- Miller, Allison
- Hakulinen, Christian
- Havdahl, Alexandra
- Magnus, Per
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Perry, John R. B.
- Llop, Sabrina
- Bønnelykke, Klaus
- Bisgaard, Hans
- Sunyer, Jordi
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Arseneault, Louise
- Standl, Marie
- Heinrich, Joachim
- Boden, Joseph
- Pearson, John
- Horwood, LJohn
- Kennedy, Martin
- Poulton, Richie
- Maes, Hermine H.
- Hewitt, John
- Copeland, William E.
- Costello, Elizabeth J.
- Wray, Naomi
- Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta
- McGue, Matt
- Iacono, William
- Caspi, Avshalom
- Moffitt, Terrie E.
- Whitehouse, Andrew
- Pennell, Craig E.
- Klump, Kelly L.
- Burt, S. Alexandra
- Dick, Danielle M.
- Vrijkotte, Tanja
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Tiemeier, Henning
- Smith, George Davey
- Hartman, Catharina A.
- Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
- Ribasés, Marta
- Lichtenstein, Paul
- Lundström, Sebastian
- Plomin, Robert
- Bartels, Meike
- Lupton, Michelle K.
- Mitchell, Brittany L.
- McAloney, Kerrie
- Parker, Richard
- Burns, Jane M.
- Hickie, Ian B.
- Pool, René
- Venue
- Behavior Genetics
- Published
- 2021-08-14
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 592-606
- ISSN
- 0001-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3297
- PMC
- PMC8390412
- OpenAlex
- W3189704173
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavior Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SUNY Digital Repository Support (State University of New York System) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- University of Minnesota
- Michigan State University
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Broad Institute
- Australian Government
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers
- Imperial College London
- King's College London
- Cardiff University
- University of Bristol
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- University of Queensland
- ZonMw
- Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Radboud Universiteit
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Gentofte Hospital
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (904-61-193, 904-61-090, 451-16-014, 480-04-004, 575-25-006, 480-15-001)
- Karolinska Institutet
- Jewish General Hospital
- Universitetet i Bergen
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF18OC0054741)
- Karabük Üniversitesi
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics
- Max Planck Instituut voor Psycholinguïstiek
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- University of Colorado Boulder
- College of Social and Behavioral Science, University of Utah
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsingin Yliopisto
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service
- Medical Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P010113/1)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1095227, 1172917, 1172990)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum Rotterdam
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University Of Queensland
- Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- aggression, genetic risk, polygenic risk score, life course, child aggression, adolescence, aging, mixed models, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aggression, Australia, Child, Humans, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Risk Factors, Multifactorial Inheritance, Young Adult
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