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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Behavioral Threat Assessment Programs in Preventing School-based Active Shooter Incidents
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines Behavioral Threat Assessment (BTA) programs in K–12 school settings and evaluates their effectiveness in preventing school-based active shooter incidents. Drawing on peer-reviewed studies, professional guidelines, and program evaluations, the review synthesizes the evidence regarding outcomes (e.g., threat reduction, disciplinary trends, and school climate indicators), implementation fidelity, and ethical/legal considerations. The analysis concludes with actionable guidance for policy, practice, and future research.Keywords: Behavioral Threat Assessment; multidisciplinary teams; program implementation; active shooter prevention; school safety; program fidelity; violence prevention; ethical considerations; stakeholder collaboration; policy development; resource allocation; intervention strategies; school climate; K–12 education; student privacy; legal compliance; case study evidence in prior literature; quantitative findings in prior literature; qualitative findings in prior literature; risk assessment; threat management
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Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- 2. Cornell, D. G. (2020). Threat assessment as a school violence prevention strategy. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 235 252. · DOI · Paper page
- 3. Jackson, J. R., & Viljoen, J. L. (2024). Preventing school violence: A review of school threat assessment models. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 11(1), 48–65. · DOI
- 4. Pasyk, V. S., Cornell, D. G., Domene, J. F., & Smith, D. (2025). Challenges faced by school mental health personnel in implementing threat assessments. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 12(1), 64–75. · DOI
- 5. Cornell, D. G., & Sheras, P. L. (2022). Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines (2nd ed.). University of Virginia Press.
- 6. Meloy, J. R., & Hoffmann, J. (2021). Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management: Practical Applications. Routledge. · DOI
- 7. Elbedour, S., Alqahtani, S., Sheikh Rihan, I. E., Bawalsah, J. A., Booker-Ammah, B., & Turner Jr., J. F. (2020). Cyberbullying: Roles of school psychologists and school counselors in addressing a pervasive social justice issue. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104720. · DOI
- 8. Miller, T. W. (2023). School-related violence: Definition, scope, and prevention goals. In School Violence and Primary Prevention (pp. 3–18). Springer. · DOI
- 11. Meloy, J. R., & Hoffmann, J. (2021). International handbook of threat assessment. In books.google.com. Oxford University Press. · DOI · Paper page
- 12. Fernandes, C. S. F., Kannoth, S., Boomer, T. M. P., Hieftje, K. D., & Fiellin, L. E. (2024). Systematic review of interventions with some school involvement for school refusal in high school age adolescents. Children & Schools, 46(2), 85–95. · DOI
- 15. Schouten, R. (2023). Ethical and Legal Issues in Violent Extremism Risk and Threat Assessment and Management. In Violent Extremism: A handbook of risk assessment and management (p. 247). UCL Press.
- 16. Jones, N. T., & Gray, A. E. (2020). Threat assessment and management: Identifying the ethical and legal challenges within a law enforcement setting. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 7(1–2), 98–112. · DOI
- 17. Ryan, E. P., & Oquendo, M. A. (2020). Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities. Focus, 18(2), 88–99. · DOI
Metadata
- Authors
- Shawe, R.
- Venue
- Journal of Mental Health and Social Behaviour
- Publisher
- Gexinonline Publications
- Published
- 2025-11-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 3108-0596
- Cited by
- 2
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