The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gravity for Dummies and Dummies for Gravity Equations
Open accessAbstract
This paper provides a minimalist derivation of the gravity equation and uses it to identify three common errors in the literature, what we call the gold, silver and bronze medal errors.The paper provides estimates of the size of the biases taking the currency union trade effect as an example.We generalize Anderson-Van Wincoop's multilateral trade resistance factor (which only works with cross section data) to allow for panel data and then show that it can be dealt with using time-varying country dummies with omitted determinants of bilateral trade being dealt with by time-invariant pair dummies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To underscore the importance of the MRs Baldwin and Taglioni (2006) dub the omission to control for them 'the gold medal mistake' in gravity estimations.”
From Estimating the effects of trade agreements: Lessons from 60 years of methods and data (2024) · cites this paper as Baldwin and Taglioni (2006)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Baldwin and Taglioni (2006) emphasise that, as a function of time-varying bilateral trade costs, MRs are also time-varying, which implies that the proper set of fixed effects in panel gravity regressions should be of dimension exporter-time and importer-time.”
From Estimating the effects of trade agreements: Lessons from 60 years of methods and data (2024) · cites this paper as Baldwin and Taglioni (2006)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle
Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455214 · Cited by 7,566
Trade Liberalisation and “Revealed” Comparative Advantage 1
Balassa, B. (1965) · The Manchester School · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x · Cited by 4,809
(1979) · American Economic Review · Cited by 3,564
The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. (2001) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3 · Cited by 3,225
Market Structure and Foreign Trade
Brander, J. A., Helpman, & Krugman (1986) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/135294 · Cited by 3,037
The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence
Bergstrand, J. H. (1985) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1925976 · Cited by 3,013
National Borders Matter: Canada-U.S. Regional Trade Patterns.
McCallum, J. C. P. (1995) · American Economic Review · Cited by 1,980
Market structure and foreign trade
Helpman, E. (1985) · Cited by 1,377
Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?
Yi, K. (2003) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/344805 · Cited by 1,356
Regional trading blocs in the world economic system
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4604 · Cited by 1,045
An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows
Balassa, B., & Linnemann, H. (1968) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1907508 · Cited by 1,042
One Money, One Market: Estimating the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade
Rose, A. K. (1999) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w7432 · Cited by 908
National Money as a Barrier to International Trade: The Real Case for Currency Union
Rose, A. K., & van Wincoop, E. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.386 · Cited by 870
Does a currency union affect trade? The time-series evidence
Glick, R., & Rose, A. K. (2002) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00202-1 · Cited by 860
On Theories Explaining the Success of the Gravity Equation
Evenett, S. J., & Keller, W. (2002) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/338746 · Cited by 827
A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries
Pöyhönen, P., & Pöyhönen, P. (2016) · Cited by 827
Tinbergen, J. (1963) · The International Executive · doi:10.1002/tie.5060050113 · Cited by 714
Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?
Deardorff, A. V. (1998) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 708
Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?
Deardorff, A. V. (1995) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w5377 · Cited by 639
An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows.
Fisk, P. R., & Linnemann, H. (1967) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344068 · Cited by 627
Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle
Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2001) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8079 · Cited by 563
Non-Europe: The magnitude and causes of market fragmentation in the EU
Head, K. C., & Mayer, T. (2000) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02707689 · Cited by 558
The currency union effect on trade: early evidence from EMU
Micco, A., Stein, E., & Ordoñez, G. L. (2003) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00109_1 · Cited by 521
The trade-creating effects of business and social networks: evidence from France
Combes, P., Lafourcade, M., & Mayer, T. (2004) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.07.003 · Cited by 501
Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory
Bowen, H. P., Leamer, E. E., & Sveikauskas, L. (1986) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w1918 · Cited by 495
Currency unions and trade: how large is the treatment effect?
Persson, T. (2001) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00081 · Cited by 411
Quantitative international economics
Wegge, L. L. (1971) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/0022-1996(71)90007-9 · Cited by 403
Opening up International Trade with Eastern Europe
Hamilton, C. B., Winters, L. A., Hughes, G., & Smith, A. (1992) · Economic Policy · doi:10.2307/1344513 · Cited by 388
Regional trading blocs in the world economic system
Frankel, J. A. (1997) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 373
Feenstra, R. C. (2003) · Cited by 368
Estimating the gravity model without gravity using panel data
Westerlund, J., & Wilhelmsson, F. (2009) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036840802599784 · Cited by 367
The Leontief Paradox, Reconsidered
Leamer, E. E. (1980) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260882 · Cited by 335
Zooming out: The trade effect of the euro in historical perspective
Berger, H., & Nitsch, V. (2008) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2008.07.005 · Cited by 285
The Trading Potential of Eastern Europe
Wang, Z. K., & Winters, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Economic Integration · doi:10.11130/jei.1992.7.2.113 · Cited by 254
Currency unions and trade: the effect is large
Rose, A. K. (2001) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00082 · Cited by 235
Does a Currency Union Affect Trade? The Time Series Evidence
Francisco, F. R. B. O. S., Glick, R., Rose, A. K., & Berkeley, U. (2001) · Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Working Paper Series · doi:10.24148/wp2001-13 · Cited by 234
European product market integration after the euro
Engel, C., & Rogers, J. H. (2004) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2004.00126.x · Cited by 223
Has the Euro Increased Trade?Preprint
Bun, M. J. G., & Klaassen, F. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.338602 · Cited by 207
On Theories Explaining the Success of the Gravity Equation
Evenett, S. J., & Keller, W. (1998) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6529 · Cited by 188
THE COMMODITY COMPOSITION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN MANUFACTURES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 1
Leamer, E. E. (1974) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041294 · Cited by 186
Openness to trade in manufactures in the OECD
Harrigan, J. (1996) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/0022-1996(95)01395-4 · Cited by 181
The theory of endowment, intra-industry and multi-national trade
Markusen, J. R., & Venables, A. J. (2021) · World Scientific Studies in International Economics · doi:10.1142/9789811222962_0004 · Cited by 181
The Euro Effect on Trade is not as Large as Commonly Thought*
Bun, M. J. G., & Klaassen, F. (2007) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00448.x · Cited by 179
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CURRENCY UNIONS
Barro, R. J., & Tenreyro, S. (2006) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2006.00001.x · Cited by 146
Trade Volume Effects of the Euro : Aggregate and Sector EstimatesPreprint
Flam, H., & Nordström, H. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 136
Life on the outside: economic conditions and prospects outside euroland
Barr, D., Breedon, F., & Miles, D. K. (2003) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00116_1 · Cited by 135
Currency unions and trade: The special case of EMU
de Nardis, S., & Vicarelli, C. (2003) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02653107 · Cited by 114
Economic Effects of Currency Unions
Tenreyro, S., & Barro, R. J. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9435 · Cited by 103
Reconsidering the Trade-Creating Effects of a Currency Union
Pakko, M. R., & Wall, H. J. (2001) · doi:10.20955/r.83.37-46 · Cited by 95
What Determines Bilateral Trade Flows?
Baxter, M., & Kouparitsas, M. A. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12188 · Cited by 52
Geography, Trade, and Currency Union
Mélitz, J. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199271402.003.0005 · Cited by 35
The Currency Union Effect on Trade: Early Evidence from EmuPreprint
Micco, A., Stein, E. H., & Ordoñez, G. L. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1818701 · Cited by 30
Currency Unions and Trade: Variations on Themes by Rose and PerssonPreprint
Kenen, P. Β. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.377982 · Cited by 28
Intra- and Extra-Euro Area Import Demand for ManufacturersPreprint
Anderton, R., Baltagi, B. H., Skudelny, F., & Sousa, N. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.814484 · Cited by 7
Intra- and Extra-Euro Area Import Demand for ManufacturesPreprint
Anderton, R., Baltagi, B. H., Skudelny, F., & Sousa, N. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6
The Impact of Regionalism on Trade in EuropePreprint
Alho, K. E. O. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Leamer, E. E. 1984. Sources of International Comparative Advantage. Cambridge, MIT Press.
- Markusen, and Venables, Anthony "The General Theory of Inter-Industry-, Intra-Industry-, and Multinational Trade", Journal of International Economics 52 (2000), 209-234.
- Poyhonen, Pentti. 1963a. "A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade Between Countries", Welwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90 (1): 93-99.
- Poyhonen, Pentti. 1963b. "Toward a General Theory of International Trade", Ekonomiska Samfundets Tidskrift, 16(2): 69-78.
- Rose, Andrew K. and E. van Wincoop (2001) "National Money as a Barrier to Trade: The Real Case for Monetary Union", American Economic Review 91-2, 386-390.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset
Dür, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2013) · The Review of International Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11558-013-9179-8 · Cited by 759
Costantini, V., & Mazzanti, M. (2012) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.004 · Cited by 613
GRAVITY REDUX: MEASURING INTERNATIONAL TRADE COSTS WITH PANEL DATA
Novy, D. (2012) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00439.x · Cited by 545
Jafari‐Sadeghi, V., García-Pérez, A., Candelo, E., & Couturier, J. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.020 · Cited by 521
Benedictis, L. D., & Tajoli, L. (2011) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01360.x · Cited by 484
Metadata
- Authors
- Baldwin, R., & Taglioni, D.
- Affiliations
- European Central Bank (DE)
- Venue
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Publisher
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Published
- 2006-09
- OpenAlex
- W2126230473
- Cited by
- 1,206
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 73
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (submittedVersion)
- Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- gravity model, panel data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review