Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 450

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution

Open access
De Long, J. Bradford, Shleifer, Andrei·1993·National Bureau of Economic Research
DOI 10.3386/w4274
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under nonabsolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3386/w4274

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 24 references

Cited by

See all 450

Metadata

Authors
De Long, J. B., & Shleifer, A.
Venue
National Bureau of Economic Research
Publisher
National Bureau of Economic Research
Published
1993-02
DOI
10.3386/w4274
OpenAlex
W2129529963
Cited by
450
References
24
Type
report
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3386/w4274
The paper
De Long, J. B., & Shleifer, A. (1993). Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4274

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.