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Cited by 788

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement

Hanushek, Eric, Kain, John, Rivkin, Steven·1998·National Bureau of Economic Research
DOI 10.3386/w6691
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Abstract

Considerable controversy surrounds the impact of schools and teachers on the achievement of students. This paper disentangles the separate factors influencing achievement with special attention given to the role of teacher differences and other aspects of schools. Unique matched panel data from the Harvard/UTD Texas Schools Project permit distinguishing between total effects and the impact of specific, measured components of teachers and schools. While schools are seen to have powerful effects on achievement differences, these effects appear to derive most importantly from variations in teacher quality. A lower bound suggests that variations in teacher quality account for at least 7« percent of the total variation in student achievement, and there are reasons to believe that the true percentage is considerably larger. The subsequent analysis estimates educational production functions based on models of achievement growth with individual fixed effects. It identifies a few systematic factors a negative impact of initial years of teaching and a positive effect of smaller class sizes for low income children in earlier grades but these effects are very small relative to the effects of overall teacher quality differences.

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Metadata

Authors
Hanushek, E., Kain, J., & Rivkin, S.
Venue
National Bureau of Economic Research
Publisher
National Bureau of Economic Research
Published
1998-08
DOI
10.3386/w6691
OpenAlex
W2114226309
Cited by
788
References
21
Type
report
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3386/w6691
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Hanushek, E., Kain, J., & Rivkin, S. (1998). Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w6691

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.