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Cited by 0Emotional Intelligence and PerformanceSocial Skills and EducationDeception detection and forensic psychology

Psychological Analysis of Emotional Intelligence In Law Enforcement Officers (Case of Police Officers)

Open access
Imanova, Shahrizad·2025·Metafizika Journal
DOI 10.33864/2617-751x.2025.v8.i2.209-221
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Abstract

Emotional intelligence; helps individuals to know themselves, achieve their goals, be aware of their emotions, enjoy life, motivate, empathize, think constructively, manage their relationships with other individuals, and make healthy and conscious decisions. In the work of law enforcement officers, emotional intelligence emerges as a type of intelligence that manifests itself in problem solving and interpersonal relationships. Stable cognitive logical intelligence levels of employees during service activities, that is, high "IQ" levels are not enough to say that those individuals will be successful, their intelligence levels covering personal, emotional, social and life-related dimensions prove themselves in a number of cases. In this article, the factor of emotional intelligence of police officers was analyzed, literature samples on this topic were examined, as well as the "Emotional intelligence evaluation test" authored by D. Goleman and the sample for measuring stress indicators ("Percieved stress scale") were translated and tested. The test results were calculated using the SPSS program and compared based on sociodemographic factors. Research participants were determined by random sampling among those who applied for examination and treatment at the hospital named after A. Heydarov, Ministry of Internal Affairs. Based on the theoretical and research materials of the article, appropriate recommendations were made to the employees working in this service, as well as to the…

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study examined emotional intelligence and perceived stress among 20 police officers receiving care at a Ministry of Internal Affairs hospital in 2024. It reports that emotional intelligence components were positively intercorrelated, while longer work hours, longer service, and higher stress were associated with lower emotional intelligence scores.

Key findings

  • The sample had a mean age of 36.5±5.9 years (range 27–48); 45% had secondary education, 20% secondary-special, and 35% higher education; 75% were married and 25% single; 75% reported medium income and 20% high income.
  • Emotional intelligence subscale means were: self-awareness 38.45±6.4, emotion management 32.05±7.09, self-motivation 37.3±7.2, empathy 38.5±7.9, and social skills 36.85±9.7. Only emotion management showed a low indicator.
  • Emotional intelligence subscales were positively correlated with one another, with significant Pearson coefficients such as self-awareness with self-motivation (0.674), empathy (0.696), and social skills (0.693), and emotion management with social skills (0.554).
  • Perceived stress scores ranged from 2 to 36, with a mean of 16.9±9.6; 80% fell in the low-to-medium range and 20% in the high range. Stress correlated negatively with emotional intelligence (r = −0.53, −0.49, −0.28, −0.54, −0.34; p<0.05), and longer work hours also correlated negatively with emotional intelligence (r = −0.22, −0.4, −0.393, −0.509, −0.303; p<0.05).
  • Longer service showed negative but non-significant correlations with emotional intelligence (r = −0.52, 0.003, −0.075, −0.042, −0.14; p>0.05). Age correlated negatively with self-awareness, emotion management, and empathy (r = −0.23, −0.12, −0.16; p>0.05) and positively with social skills and self-motivation (r = 0.043, 0.021). Education showed no major difference, while single participants had higher emotional intelligence scores than married participants. Security police had lower emotional intelligence than rapid police, other structures, operatives, and inspectors.

Methods

  • The study was conducted individually in 2024 at the A. Heydarov Military Hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with police officers receiving treatment. Participants were selected by random sampling; 20 police employees took part, with voluntary participation and confidentiality explained.
  • Measures included a sociodemographic questionnaire (sex, age, education, family, income, workplace, work hours, tenure), Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Evaluation Test (50 items covering self-awareness, managing emotions, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills, self-rated on 1, 3, 5), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).
  • Data were entered into SPSS version 27 and analyzed with descriptive statistics, comparative analyses by sociodemographic factors, and correlation analyses.

Limitations

  • The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. It states that some age and tenure correlations were not statistically significant beyond this sample (p>0.05), so those results are reliable only for the participating group.
  • Evident from the text: the sample is very small (20 officers), drawn from a single hospital among officers seeking examination or treatment, which limits generalizability. The design is cross-sectional, the instruments are self-report, and the emotional intelligence and stress scales were translated and tested for this study. Many subgroup comparisons also rely on very small numbers, and no causal conclusions can be drawn.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.33864/2617-751x.2025.v8.i2.209-221

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 2 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Single persons had higher EI scores compared to married persons.

    “Lakin ailə faktoru üzərindən təhlil apardıqda subay şəxslərin Eİ göstəriciləri evlilərdə müqayisədə yüksək alınmışdır.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    For employees under 35 vs over 35, emotion management scores were 32.5±5.6 vs 31.7±7.9 (F=0.7; p=0.38; t=-0.2, df=18).

    “yaşı 35-dən az olan əməkdaşların emosional intellekt göstəriciləri üzrə emosiyaları idarə etmək bacarıqları 32,5±5,6; 35 yaşdan yuxarı olanlarda isə nisbətən az 31,7±7,9 alınmışdır (F=0,7; p=0,38; t=-0,2, df=18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    No serious difference in EI was found between secondary and higher education.

    “Sosiodemoqrafik amillər sırasında təhsil faktoru ilə emosional intellekt göstəricilərini müqayisə etdikdə orta və ali təhsillilər arasında ciddi fərq aşkar edilməmişdir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Şəkil 1. Əməkdaşların iş saatları və iş stajları

    Mean emotion management score was 32.05±7.09.

    “Cədvələ nəzər yetirdikdə aydın olur ki, özünüdərketmə bölməsi üzrə 38,45±6,4; emosiyaları idarə etmə 32,05±7,09; özünümotivə etmə 37,3±7,2; empatiya bacarıqları 38,5±7,9; sosial bacarıqlar isə 36,85±9,7 olaraq dəyərləndirilir.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Şəkil 1. Əməkdaşların iş saatları və iş stajları

    No employees with service up to 5 years were recorded among those hospitalized for mental health problems, stress, fatigue, or neurological problems.

    “Psixi sağlamlıq problemləri, stress, yorğunluq, nevroloji problemlər səbəbli hospitala müraciət etmiş bu şəxslərdən 5 ilədək qulluq müddəti olan əməkdaş qeydə alınmamışdır.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 21
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Empathy scores were 39.8±5.3 for under 35 and 37.7±9.2 for over 35 (F=4.9; p=0.03; t=-0.5, df=18).

    “Empatiya amili üzrə də nisbi fərq qeydə alınırdı, 35 yaşdan aşağılarda 39,8±5,3; 35 yaşdan yuxarı şəxslərdə isə 37,7±9,2 (F=4,9; p=0,03; t=-0,5, df=18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.Nəticələrin işlənməsi

    Marital status was 75% married and 25% single.

    “Ailə vəziyyəti üzrə təhlil etdikdə əsasən ailəli şəxslər üstünlük təşkil edirdir (75% evli, 25% subay).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Age negatively correlated with emotional self-awareness, emotion management, and empathy (r=-0.23; r=-0.12; r=-0.16; p>0.05), and positively with social skills and self-motivation (r=0.043; r=0.021).

    “Artan yaş amili ilə emosional intellekt göstəriciləri arası korrelyasiya təhlil edilmiş və müəyyən edilmişdir ki, emosional özünüdərk, emosiyaların idare edilməsi və empatiya ilə yaş amili arasında mənfi korrelyasiya əlaqəsi (r=-0,23; r=-0,12; r= -0,16; p>0,05); sosial bacarıqlar və özünümotivasiya üçün isə müsbət korrelyasiya vardır (r=0,043; r=0,021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.Nəticələrin işlənməsi

    Education level was 45% secondary, 20% secondary-special, and 35% higher.

    “Belə ki, orta təhsili 45%; orta-ixtisas təhsilli 20%; ali təhsilli 35% idi.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Şəkil 1. Əməkdaşların iş saatları və iş stajları

    In each EI section, high and medium indicators were recorded; only emotion management had a low indicator.

    “Həmçinin göstəricilər aşağı, orta və yuxarı hədd üzrə qiymətləndirildikdə hər bir bölmə üzrə yüksək və orta göstəricilər qeyd edilmişdir.yalnız emosiyaları idarə etmə üzrə aşağı göstərici izlənilir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Guard police employees had lower EI indicators; rapid police, other structures, operatives, and inspectors demonstrated higher EI (self-awareness 35.8±7.1; empathy 36.3±5.5; self-motivation 34.3±6.2; social skills 36.1±9.8; emotion management 33.1±2.2).

    “Şəxslərin iş yerlərinə əsasən Eİ göstəriciləri təhlil edildikdə aşağı göstərici mühafizə polisi əməkdaşlarında izlənilmişdir, çevik polis, digər strukturlarda işləyən əməkdaşlar, əməliyyatçılar, inspektorlar daha yüksək Eİ göstəriciləri nümayiş etdirmişdir (özünüdərketmək 35,8±7,1; emaptiya 36,3±5,5; özünümotivasiya etmək 34,3±6,2; sosial bacarıqlar 36,1±9,8; emosiyaları idarə etmək 33,1±2,2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.Nəticələrin işlənməsi

    Family size ranged up to 6 persons, mostly 3-4 persons.

    “İştirakçıların ailə tərkibi 6 nəfərə qədər dəyişirdi, əsasən isə 3-4 nəfərlik ailələr qeydə alınmışdır.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.Nəticələrin işlənməsi

    Work positions were 6 in guard police, 2 in rapid police service, and 12 in other positions.

    “Şəxslərin 6 nfəri Mühafizə polisində, 2 nəfər çevik polis xidmətində 12 nəfər isə fərqli mövqelərdə (sahə polisi, əməliyyatçı, inspektor və s.) çalışdığı üçün onlar digər kateqoriyalara aid edilmişlər.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.Nəticələrin işlənməsi

    Participants' age ranged from 27 to 48 years, with a mean of 36.5±5.9.

    “Onların yaşı 27-48 arası dəyişmiş, orta göstərici 36,5±5,9 təşkil edirdi (min.27;maks.48).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Work hours and service years had a positive statistically significant correlation with stress indicators (r=0.23; r=0.513; p<0.05).

    “Şəxslərin iş saatları və qulluq illəri ilə qeydə alınan stress göstəriciləri arası korrelyasiya təhlil edildikdə müsbət statistik əhəmiyyətli qeydlər aşkar edildi (r=0,23; r=0,513; p<0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Stress scores ranged from 2 to 36, with a mean of 16.9±9.6, indicating that low and medium stress prevailed.

    “stress göstəriciləri 2 -36 bal arası dəyişmiş, orta göstərici 16,9±9,6 təşkil edirdi, bu isə stressin aşağı və orta həddinin üstünlük təşkil etdiyini göstərir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.Nəticələrin işlənməsi

    Income level was medium for 75% and high for 20% of participants.

    “Maddi vəziyyət, gəlir səviyyəsi üzrə müqayisə etdikdə isə orta gəlir səviyyəsi 75% üstünlük təşkil etmişdir, 20% iştirakçı isə öz vəziyyətini yüksək qiymətləndirmişdir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Work experience/service years had a negative correlation with EI; more service did not result in an increase in EI (r=-0.52; r=0.003; r=-0.075; r=-0.042; r=-0.14; p>0.05).

    “İş stajı, qulluq illəri ilə Eİ arası korrelyasiya ölçüldükdə isə bir daha mənfi korrelyasiya aşkar edilmişdir, şəxslərin daha çox xidmət göstərməsi onların Eİ artmasında heç bir nəticə verməmişdir (r=-0,52; r=0,003; r=-0,075; r=-0,042; r=-0,14; p>0,05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Self-motivation and social skills were higher in over-35 employees: self-motivation 37.8±6.7, social skills 37.69±10, vs 36.2±8.5 and 35.2±9.7 in the other group (F=0.001; p=0.98; t=0.51, df=18).

    “Özünümotivasiya etmək və sosial bacarıqlar bölmələrində isə 35 yaşdan yuxarı əməkdaşların nəticələri nisbətən üstünlük təşkil edirdir.Özünümotivasiya üzrə 35 yaşdan yuxarılarda 37,8±6,7; sosial bacarıqlar isə 37,69±10; digər qrupda isə 36,2±8,5 və 35,2±9,7 alınmışdır (F=0,001; p=0,98; t=0,51, df=18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Low and medium stress together accounted for 80%, while 20% of employees reported high stress.

    “Həmçinin aşağı, orta və yüksək hədd üzrə paylanmalara baxdıqda aşağı və orta göstərici ümumilikdə 80% təşkil edirdi, lakin 20% əməkdaş stressin yuxarı həddindən əziyyət çəkdiyini qeyd etmişdir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § 2.Metodlar

    Participants were informed about the study and about voluntariness and confidentiality of the information.

    “ilk növbədə tədqiqata dair informasiya verilmiş, onlara sorğuları cavablandırmaqda könüllük, informasiyaların konfidensial olması məqamlarına dair məlumat verilmişdir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1.Giriş

    Age, family, and gender are main factors in the development of emotional intelligence.

    “Emosional intellektin inkişaf etməsində yaş, ailə və cinsiyyət əsas faktorlar kimi qeyd edilir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Goleman 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Because p>0.05, the age-correlation results are true only for this group and not statistically significant for the wider population.

    “Lakin p amilinin 0,05-dən yüksək olması alınan nəticələrin yalnız bu qrup üzrə doğru olduğunu, geniş kütlə üçün statistik əhəmiyyətli olmadığını göstərir.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Increased work hours negatively affects emotional intelligence, emotion management, and social skills.

    “Alınan nəticəyə əsasən demək olar ki, artan iş saatları şəxslərin emosional intellektində, emosiyaları idarə etməsində və sosial bacarıqlarında neqativ təsir göstərir.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Cədvəl 1. Emosional intellekt göstriciləri arası korrelyasiya

    Work conditions and experienced stress play a substantial role in emotional intelligence.

    “Bu isə bir daha göstərir ki, şəxslərin iş şəraiti, yaşadıqları stress onların emosional intellektində əsaslı olaraq rol oynayır.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Abstract

    Research participants were determined by random sampling among those who applied for examination and treatment at the hospital named after A. Heydarov, Ministry of Internal Affairs.

    “Research participants were determined by random sampling among those who applied for examination and treatment at the hospital named after A. Heydarov, Ministry of Internal Affairs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1.Giriş

    Empathy skills are directly related to socialization, social sensitivity, and adaptation to society, and inversely related to aggressive behaviors.

    “Müəlliflər tərəfindən empatiya ilə sosiallaşma, sosial həssaslıq və cəmiyyətə adaptasiya arasında düz, aqressiv davranışlar arasında tərs mütənasib əlaqə olduğu göstərilmişdir [Nikolau, səh.327].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nikolau, səh.327

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

22 of 22

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In law enforcement officers, emotional intelligence manifests as a type of intelligence in problem solving and interpersonal relationships.

    “In the work of law enforcement officers, emotional intelligence emerges as a type of intelligence that manifests itself in problem solving and interpersonal relationships.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    High IQ levels are not enough to say individuals will be successful; intelligence covering personal, emotional, social and life-related dimensions proves itself in a number of cases.

    “Stable cognitive logical intelligence levels of employees during service activities, that is, high”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PSS is the most widely used psychological tool for measuring stress perception.

    “Percieved stress scale (PSS) stress qavrayışını ölçmək üçün ən çox istifadə edilən psixoloji alətdir.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Goleman EI test and PSS are valid and appropriate instruments for measuring EI and stress in this police sample.

    “Emosional intellektin ölçülməsi üçün D.Golemanın”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 20 police officers receiving treatment at the hospital are representative of police officers for the studied relationships.

    “Təsadüfi seçmə ilə 20 nəfər polis işçisi ilə aparılan sorğularda ilk növbədə tədqiqata dair informasiya verilmiş, onlara sorğuları cavablandırmaqda könüllük, informasiyaların konfidensial olması məqamlarına dair məlumat verilmişdir.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The self-report responses on the EI test and PSS accurately reflect the participants' emotional intelligence and stress.

    “şəxsin özü tərəfindən 1,3,5 cavablandırma meyarları ilə qiymətləndirilir.”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Claimed correlation thresholds conflict with reported p-values

    Minor

    The stated p-value thresholds are stricter than several results in the correlation table, including p=0.019 and p=0.031.

  • A work-hours comparison uses tenure groups

    Minor

    The sentence says employees were divided by working hours, but defines the two groups by whether they had served more or less than ten years.

  • Not every emotional-intelligence correlation is significant

    Minor

    The paper says the test components have statistically significant positive correlations, but the table includes a correlation of 0.378 with p=0.100, which is not significant at the stated thresholds.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Erdoghdu, M. Y. (2008). Examination of emotional intelligence in terms of some variables. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(23), 62-76. (in Turkish)
  2. Ishmen, A. E. (2001). Emotional intelligence and problem solving. Marmara University Ataturk Faculty of Education Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(13), 111-124. (in Turkish)
  3. Gulluce, A. Ch., & Ishcan, O. F. (2010). The relationship between occupational burnout and emotional intelligence. Eskishehir Osmangazi University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 5(2), 7-29. (in Turkish)
  4. Yelkikalan, N. (2007). The new feature of the entrepreneur in the 21st century: Emotional intelligence. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development, 1(2), 39-51. (in Turkish)

Related

Authors
Imanova, S.
ORCID
Imanova, Shahrizad
Venue
Metafizika Journal
Publisher
AcademyGate
Published
2025-05-15
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
209-221
ISSN
  • 2616-6879 (ISSN-L)
  • 2617-751X
DOI
10.33864/2617-751x.2025.v8.i2.209-221
OpenAlex
W4410717611
Cited by
0
References
6
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Metafizika Journal (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Education › Social Skills and Education
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords
emotional intelligence, police officers, law enforcement officers, occupational stress, perceived stress, sociodemographic factors, interpersonal relationships, emotional self-awareness, empathy, stress management

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