CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 28Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removalHeavy Metal Pollution RemediationChromium effects and bioremediation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Draft genome analysis for Enterobacter kobei, a promising lead bioremediation bacterium

Open access
El-Beltagi, Hossam S., Halema, Asmaa A., Almutairi, Zainab M., Almutairi, Hayfa Habes, Elarabi, Nagwa I., Abdelhadi, Abdelhadi A., Henawy, Ahmed R., Abdelhaleem, Heba A. R.·2024·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
DOI 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1335854PMC PMC10800491
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Lead pollution of the environment poses a major global threat to the ecosystem. Bacterial bioremediation offers a promising alternative to traditional methods for removing these pollutants, that are often hindered by various limitations. Our research focused on isolating lead-resistant bacteria from industrial wastewater generated by heavily lead-containing industries. Eight lead-resistant strains were successfully isolated, and subsequently identified through molecular analysis. Among these, Enterobacter kobei FACU6 emerged as a particularly promising candidate, demonstrating an efficient lead removal rate of 83.4% and a remarkable lead absorption capacity of 571.9 mg/g dry weight. Furthermore, E. kobei FACU6 displayed a remarkable a maximum tolerance concentration (MTC) for lead reaching 3,000 mg/L. To further investigate the morphological changes in E. kobei FACU6 in response to lead exposure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed. These analyses revealed significant lead adsorption and intracellular accumulation in treated bacteria in contrast to the control bacterium. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to gain deeper insights into E. kobei’s lead resistance mechanisms. Structural annotation revealed a genome size of 4,856,454 bp, with a G + C content of 55.06%. The genome encodes 4,655 coding sequences (CDS), 75 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Notably, genes associated with heavy metal resistance and their corresponding regulatory elements were identified within the genome. Furthermore, the expression levels of four specific heavy metal resistance genes were evaluated. Our findings revealed a statistically significant upregulation in gene expression under specific environmental conditions, including pH 7, temperature of 30°C, and high concentrations of heavy metals. The outstanding potential of E. kobei FACU6 as a source of diverse genes related to heavy metal resistance and plant growth promotion makes it a valuable candidate for developing safe and effective strategies for heavy metal disposal.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1335854

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 93

  1. Abdelhaleem, 2019, Identification and characterization of novel bacterial polyaromatic hydrocarbon-degrading enzymes as potential tools for cleaning up hydrocarbon pollutants from different environmental sources, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 67, 108, 10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.009 · DOI
  2. Abdollahi, 2020, Lead and cadmium-resistant bacterial species isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soils show plant growth-promoting traits, Int. Microbiol., 23, 625, 10.1007/s10123-020-00133-1 · DOI
  3. Ashokkumar, 2017, Effect of pH, temperature and biomass on biosorption of heavy metals by Sphaerotilus natans 33, Int. J. Microbiol. Mycol., 6, 32
  4. Ayele, 2021, Bioremediation of chromium by microorganisms and its mechanisms related to functional groups, J. Chem., 2021, 1, 10.1155/2021/7694157 · DOI
  5. Babai, 1998, An Escherichia coli gene responsive to heavy metals, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 167, 107, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13215.x · DOI
  6. Balali-Mood, 2021, Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic, Front. Pharmacol., 12, 643972, 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972 · DOI
  7. Bandowe, 2014, Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs and oxygenated PAHs) and trace metals in fish species from Ghana (West Africa): bioaccumulation and health risk assessment, Environ. Int., 65, 135, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.018 · DOI
  8. Baya, 2021, Potential whole-cell biosensors for detection of metal using MerR family proteins from Enterobacter sp. YSU and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia OR02, Micromachines, 12, 142, 10.3390/mi120.20142 · DOI
  9. Binet, 2000, Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions regulate expression of the metal-transporting P-type ATPase zntA in Escherichia coli, FEBS Lett., 473, 67, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00).01509-X · DOI
  10. Blaha, 2011, The Escherichia coli metallo-regulator RcnR represses rcnA and rcnR transcription through binding on a shared operator site: insights into regulatory specificity towards nickel and cobalt, Biochimie, 93, 434, 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.016 · DOI
  11. Brito, 2020, Inorganic phosphate solubilization by rhizosphere bacterium Paenibacillus sonchi: gene expression and physiological functions, Front. Microbiol., 11, 1, 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588605 · DOI
  12. Burghardt, 2006, Transmission electron microscopy, Curr. Protoc. Microbiol., 3, 10.1002/9780471729259.mc02b01s03 · DOI
  13. Capella-Gutiérrez, 2009, trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses, Bioinformatics, 25, 1972, 10.1093/bioinforma.tics/btp348 · DOI
  14. Chen, 2019, Bacterial heavy-metal and antibiotic resistance genes in a copper tailing dam area in northern China, Front. Microbiol., 10, 1916, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01916 · DOI
  15. Choudhury, 2001, Zinc resistance mechanisms in bacteria, Curr. Sci., 81, 768
  16. Cuypers, 2013, Increased growth and germination success in plants following hydrogen sulfide administration, PLoS One, 8, 620488, 10.1371/journal.pone.0062048 · DOI
  17. Duca, 2014, Indole-3-acetic acid in plant-microbe interactions, Antonie Leeuwenhoek, 106, 85, 10.1007/s10482-013-0095-y · DOI
  18. Elarabi, 2020, Bacillus aryabhattai FACU: a promising bacterial strain capable of manipulate the glyphosate herbicide residues, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 27, 2207, 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.050 · DOI
  19. Elarabi, 2023, Draft genome of Raoultella planticola, a high lead resistance bacterium from industrial wastewater, Amb. Express, 13, 14, 10.1186/s13568-023-01519-w · DOI
  20. El-Beltagi, 2010, Changes in non-protein thiols, some antioxidant enzymes activity and ultrastructural alteration in radish plant (Raphanus sativus L.) grown under lead toxicity, Not. Bot. HortiAgrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38, 76, 10.15835/nbha3834631 · DOI
  21. Flora, 2012, Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates, Interdiscip. Toxicol., 5, 47, 10.2478/v10102-012-0009-2 · DOI
  22. Gomaa, 2019, Bacterial biosurfactant from Citrobacter freundii MG812314.1 as a bioremoval tool of heavy metals from wastewater, Bull. Natl. Res. Cent., 43, 69, 10.1186/s42269-019-0088-8 · DOI
  23. González Henao, 2021, Heavy metals in soils and the remediation potential of bacteria associated with the plant microbiome, Front. Environ. Sci., 9, 1, 10.3389/fenvs.2021.604216 · DOI
  24. Grass, 2002, Zupt is a Zn(II) uptake system in Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol., 184, 864, 10.1128/JB.184.3.864-866.2002 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Gudipaty, 2012, Regulation of Cu(I)/Ag(I) efflux genes in Escherichia coli by the sensor kinase CusS, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 330, 30, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02529.x · DOI
  26. Gunatilake, 2015, Methods of removing heavy metals from Industrial Wastewater, J. Multidiscip. Eng. Sci. Stud., 1, 12
  27. Harley, 2002, Laboratory exercises in microbiology, 466
  28. Herawati, 2000, Cadmium, copper, and zinc levels in rice and soil of Japan, Indonesia, and China by soil type, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 64, 33, 10.1007/s001289910006 · DOI
  29. Huang, 2018, Heavy metal bioaccumulation and cation release by growing Bacillus cereus RC-1 under culture conditions, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 157, 216, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.077 · DOI
  30. Hubeny, 2021, Industrialization as a source of heavy metals and antibiotics which can enhance the antibiotic resistance in wastewater, sewage sludge and river water, PLoS One, 16, 10.1371/journal.pone.0252691 · DOI
  31. Hui, 2022, Recent advances in bacterial biosensing and bioremediation of cadmium pollution: a mini-review, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 38, 9, 10.1007/s11274-021-03198-w · DOI
  32. Huo, 2014, High quality draft genome sequence of the heavy metal resistant bacterium Halomonas zincidurans type strain B6T, Stand. Genomic Sci., 9, 30, 10.1186/1944-3277-9-30 · DOI
  33. Hynninen, 2009, An efflux transporter PbrA and a phosphatase PbrB cooperate in a lead-resistance mechanism in bacteria, Mol. Microbiol., 74, 384, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06868.x · DOI
  34. Igiri, 2018, Toxicity and bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystem from tannery wastewater: a Review, J. Toxicol., 27, 1, 10.1155/2018/2568038 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Iyer, 2004, Accumulation of hexavalent chromium by an exopolysaccharide producing marine Enterobacter cloaceae, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 49, 974, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.023 · DOI
  36. Jan, 2019, Metal resistant endophytic bacteria reduces cadmium, nickel toxicity, and enhances expression of metal stress related genes with improved growth of Oryza sativa, via regulating its antioxidant machinery and endogenous hormones, Plants, 8, 363, 10.3390/PLANTS8100363 · DOI
  37. Jarosławiecka, 2014, Lead resistance in micro-organisms, Microbiology, 160, 12, 10.1099/mic.0.070284-0 · DOI
  38. Kang, 2020, Characterization of the copper resistance mechanism and bioremediation potential of an Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain isolated from copper mine sludge, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 27, 7922, 10.1007/s11356-019-07303-3 · DOI
  39. Khan, 2016, Electro-catalyst based on cerium doped cobalt oxide for oxygen evolution reaction in electrochemical water splitting, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 27, 5294, 10.1007/s10854-016-4427-3 · DOI
  40. Khan, 2022, Cadmium sources, toxicity, resistance and removal by microorganisms-A potential strategy for cadmium eradication, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 26, 101569, 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101569 · DOI
  41. Khan, 2015, Evaluation of cadmium resistant bacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from industrial wastewater for its potential use to bioremediate environmental cadmium, Pak. J. Zool., 47, 1533
  42. Klein, 2011, Bacterial ATP-driven transporters of transition metals: physiological roles, mechanisms of action, and roles in bacterial virulence, Metallomics, 3, 1098, 10.1039/c1mt00073j · DOI
  43. Kumari, 2020, Recent developments in environmental mercury bioremediation and its toxicity: a review, Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag., 13, 100283, 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100283 · DOI
  44. Land, 2015, Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing, Funct. Integr. Genomics, 15, 141, 10.1007/s10142-015-0433-4 · DOI
  45. Lemire, 2013, Antimicrobial activity of metals: mechanisms, molecular targets and applications, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 11, 371, 10.1038/nrmicro3028 · DOI
  46. Livak, 2001, Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method, Methods, 25, 402, 10.1006/meth.2001.1262 · DOI · Paper page
  47. Ludden, 2017, Sharing of carbapenemase-encoding plasmids between Enterobacteriaceae in UK sewage uncovered by MinION sequencing, Microb. genomics, 3, e000114, 10.1099/mgen.0.000114 · DOI
  48. Ma, 2016, Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe-metal interactions: relevance for phytoremediation, Front. Plant. Sci., 7, 918, 10.3389/fpls.2016.00918 · DOI
  49. Madeira, 2019, The EMBL-EBI search and sequence analysis tools APIs in 2019, Nucleic Acids Res., 47, W636, 10.1093/nar/gkz268 · DOI · Paper page
  50. Maity, 2023, Biofilm-mediated heavy metal removal from aqueous system by multi-metal-resistant bacterial strain Bacillus sp, GH-s29. Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 195, 4832, 10.1007/s12010-022-04288-7 · DOI
  51. Malik, 2000, Metal resistance in Pseudomonas strains isolated from soil treated with industrial wastewater, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 16, 177, 10.1023/A:1008905902282 · DOI
  52. Masindi, 2018, Environmental contamination by heavy metals, 412, 10.5772/intechopen.76082 · DOI
  53. Mitra, 2021, Bacterial tolerance strategies against lead toxicity and their relevance in bioremediation application, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 14271, 10.1007/s11356-021-12583-9 · DOI
  54. Mohamed, 2009, Cadmium stress induced change in some hydrolytic enzymes, free radical formation and ultrastructural disorders in radish plant, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 8, 969
  55. Mohamed, 2020, Reduction of chromium-VI by chromium-resistant Escherichia coli FACU: a prospective bacterium for bioremediation, Folia Microbiol., 65, 687, 10.1007/s12223-020-00771-y · DOI
  56. Naik, 2013, Lead resistant bacteria: lead resistance mechanisms, their applications in lead bioremediation and biomonitoring, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 98, 1, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.039 · DOI
  57. Nirbhavane, 2017, Resistance by Enterobacter spp. towards several antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals: a review, Afr. J. Biotechnol., 16, 826, 10.5897/ajb2017.15875 · DOI
  58. Odokuma, 2010, Effect of concentration and contact time on heavy metal uptake by three bacterial isolates, J. Environ. Chem. Toxicol., 2, 84
  59. Olaniran, 2013, Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14, 10197, 10.3390/ijms140510197 · DOI
  60. Page, 1983, Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties
  61. Papaspyrou, 2014, Nitrate reduction functional genes and nitrate reduction potentials persist in deeper estuarine sediments why?, PLoS One, 9, e94111, 10.1371/journal.pone.0094111 · DOI
  62. Parameswari, 2010, Biosorption and metal tolerance potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal polluted ecosystem, Electron J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 9, 664
  63. Pattnaik, 2020, Improvement of rice plant productivity by native Cr(VI) reducing and plant growth promoting soil bacteria Enterobacter cloacae, Chemosphere, 240, 124895, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124895 · DOI
  64. Patzer, 2000, The zinc-responsive regulator Zur and its control of the znu gene cluster encoding the ZnuABC zinc uptake system in Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 24321, 10.1074/jbc.M001775200 · DOI
  65. Paul, 2020, In silico studies on structural, functional, and evolutionary analysis of bacterial chromate reductase family responsible for high chromate bioremediation efficiency, SN Appl. Sci., 2, 1997, 10.1007/s42452-020-03830-8 · DOI
  66. Pramanik, Alleviation of phytotoxic effects of cadmium on rice seedlings by cadmium resistant PGPR strain Enterobacter aerogenes MCC 3092, J. Hazard Mater., 351, 317, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.009 · DOI
  67. Pramanik, Characterization of a Cd2‏-resistant plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (Enterobacter sp.) and its effects on rice seedling growth promotion under Cd2‏-stress in vitro, Agri. Nal. Res., 52, 215e221, 10.1016/j.anres.2018.09.007 · DOI
  68. Qiao, 2019, Bioimmobilization of lead by Bacillus subtilis X3 biomass isolated from lead mine soil under promotion of multiple adsorption mechanisms, R. Soc. open Sci., 6, 181701, 10.1098/rsos.181701 · DOI
  69. Rai, 2013, Expression of rd29A: AtDREB1A/CBF3 in tomato alleviates drought-induced oxidative stress by regulating key enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, Plant Physiol. biochem., 69, 90, 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.002 · DOI
  70. Ridge, 2008, Comparative genomic analyses of copper transporters and cuproproteomes reveal evolutionary dynamics of copper utilization and its link to oxygen, PLoS One, 3, e1378, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001378 · DOI
  71. Rodríguez-Rojas, 2016, Draft genome sequence of a multi-metal resistant bacterium Pseudomonas putida ATH-43 isolated from Greenwich Island, Antarctica, Front. Microbiol., 7, 1777, 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01777 · DOI
  72. Ryu, 2003, Bacterial volatiles promote growth in Arabidopsis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100, 4927, 10.1073/pnas.0730845100 · DOI
  73. Sah, 2022, Comparative study of heavy metal uptake and analysis of plant growth promotion potential of multiple heavy metal-resistant bacteria isolated from arable land, Curr. Microbiol., 79, 1, 10.1007/s00284-021-02704-5 · DOI
  74. Saini, 2020, Cadmium as an environmental pollutant: ecotoxicological effects, health hazards, and bioremediation approaches for its detoxification from contaminated sites, 357, 10.1007/978-981-13-3426-9_15 · DOI
  75. Sanders, 2012, Aseptic laboratory techniques: plating methods, J. Vis. Exp., 11, e3064, 10.3791/3064 · DOI
  76. Shendure, 2008, Next-generation DNA sequencing, Nat. Biotechnol., 26, 1135, 10.1038/nbt1486 · DOI · Paper page
  77. Shetty, 2009, Biosorption of Cu (II) by metal resistant Pseudomonas sp, Int. J. Environ. Res., 3, 121, 10.22059/ijer.2009.40 · DOI
  78. Straub, 2013, Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30 T, J. Exp. Bot., 64, 4603, 10.1093/jxb/ert276 · DOI
  79. Tchounwou, 2012, Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicicology volume 3: environmental toxicology, Mol. Clin. Environ. Toxicol., 101, 133, 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6 · DOI
  80. Thanh, 2020, Draft genome sequence of Enterobacter kobei M4-VN, isolated from potatoes with Soft rot disease, Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 9, e00908, 10.1128/mra.00908-20 · DOI
  81. Vásquez, 2007, Biosorptive removal of Cd and Zn from liquid streams with a Rhodococcus opacus strain, Min. Eng., 20, 939, 10.1016/j.mineng.2007.03.014 · DOI
  82. Veliz, 2017, Chitinase-producing bacteria and their role in biocontrol, AIMS Microbiol., 3, 689, 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.689 · DOI
  83. von Rozycki, 2009, Cupriavidus metallidurans: evolution of a metal-resistant bacterium, Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol., 96, 115, 10.1007/s10482-008-9284-5 · DOI
  84. Wang, 2023, Study on Cu-and Pb-contaminated loess remediation using electrokinetic technology coupled with biological permeable reactive barrier, J. Environ. Manage., 348, 119348, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119348 · DOI
  85. Wang, 2018, Coupling heavy metal resistance and oxygen flexibility for bioremoval of copper ions by newly isolated Citrobacter freundii JPG1, J. Environ. Manage., 226, 194, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.042 · DOI
  86. Wen, 2023, Immobilizing lead using loess and nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI)-amended loess: insights from macroscopic and microscopic tests, Environ.Tech. Innov., 103228, 103228, 10.1016/j.eti.2023.103228 · DOI
  87. Wolfram, 1995, The Alcaligenes eutrophus protein HoxN mediates nickel transport in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol, J. Bacteriol., 177, 1840, 10.1128/jb.177.7.1840-1843.1995 · DOI
  88. Worlock, 2002, ZntB is a novel Zn2+ transporter in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, J. Bacteriol., 184, 4369, 10.1128/JB.184.16.4369-4373.2002 · DOI
  89. Xie, 2023, Immobilizing copper in loess soil using microbial-induced carbonate precipitation: insights from test tube experiments and one-dimensional soil columns, J. Hazard. Mater., 444, 130417, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130417 · DOI
  90. Xie, 2023, Biopolymer-assisted enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation for immobilizing Cu ions in aqueous solution and loess, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 116134, 10.1007/s11356-023-30665-8 · DOI
  91. Xue, 2023, Effect of a harsh circular environment on self-healing microbial-induced calcium carbonate materials for preventing Pb2+ migration, Environ.Tech. Innov., 32, 103380, 10.1016/j.eti.2023.103380 · DOI
  92. Yang, 2012, Pathways of arsenic uptake and efflux, Curr. Top. Membr., 69, 325, 10.1016/B978-0-12-394390-3.00012-4 · DOI
  93. Yuan, 2020, Phenazine-Producing rhizobacteria promote plant growth and reduce redox and osmotic stress in wheat seedlings under saline conditions, Front. Plant Sci., 11, 575314, 10.3389/fpls.2020.575314 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
El-Beltagi, H. S., Halema, A. A., Almutairi, Z. M., Almutairi, H. H., Elarabi, N. I., Abdelhadi, A. A., Henawy, A. R., & Abdelhaleem, H. A. R.
Affiliations
  • Cairo University (EG)
  • Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (SA)
  • King Faisal University (SA)
  • Misr University for Science and Technology (EG)
Corresponding author
  • El-Beltagi, Hossam S.
  • Halema, Asmaa A.
  • Almutairi, Zainab M.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-01-08
Volume
11
Pages
1335854-1335854
ISSN
2296-4185 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fbioe.2023.1335854
PMC
PMC10800491
OpenAlex
W4390665320
Cited by
28
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6
FWCI
3.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (PSAU/2023/01/9075)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
Keywords
Enterobacter kobei, lead bioremediation, lead resistance, heavy metal resistance genes, industrial wastewater, lead adsorption, genome annotation, gene expression regulation, plant growth promotion, lead contamination

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review