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Microalgae to Biofuels: ‘Promising’ Alternative and Renewable Energy, Review

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Life-cycle assessment of potential algal biodiesel production in the United Kingdom: A comparison of raceways and air-lift tubular bioreactors

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Life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel

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Spirulina – From growth to nutritional product: A review

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The potentials and challenges of algae based biofuels: A review of the techno-economic, life cycle, and resource assessment modeling

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Carbon dioxide capture from flue gases using microalgae: Engineering aspects and biorefinery concept

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Hectare-scale demonstration of high rate algal ponds for enhanced wastewater treatment and biofuel production

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Commercial production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using 25,000-liter outdoor photobioreactors

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Insights into the Microalgae Cultivation Technology and Harvesting Process for Biofuel Production: A Review

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Scaling up microalgal cultures to commercial scale

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Development of algae biorefinery concepts for biofuels and bioproducts; a perspective on process-compatible products and their impact on cost-reduction

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Operational and economic aspects of Spirulina-based biorefinery

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Biohydrogen production from microalgae for environmental sustainability

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Techno-economic assessment of microalgae production, harvesting and drying for food, feed, cosmetics, and agriculture

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Marine microalgae for production of biofuels and chemicals

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Bioplastic feedstock production from microalgae with fuel co-products: A techno-economic and life cycle impact assessment

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How does the Internet of Things (IoT) help in microalgae biorefinery?

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Spatially Explicit Life Cycle Assessment: Opportunities and challenges of wastewater-based algal biofuels in the United States

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Development a Novel Hexagonal Airlift Flat Plate Photobioreactor for the Improvement of Microalgae Growth That Simultaneously Enhance CO2 Bio-Fixation and Wastewater Treatment

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Pathogens and predators impacting commercial production of microalgae and cyanobacteria

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Energy from Microalgae: A Short History

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Critical Review of Microalgae LCA Studies for Bioenergy Production

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Nitrous oxide emissions from high rate algal ponds treating domestic wastewater

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Ten years of algal biofuel and bioproducts: gains and pains

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Techno-economic evaluation of microalgae high-density liquid fuel production at 12 international locations

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Novel, automated, semi-industrial modular photobioreactor system for cultivation of demanding microalgae that produce fine chemicals—The next story of H. pluvialis and astaxanthin

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Microalgal secondary metabolite productions as a component of biorefinery: A review

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Commercial‐Scale Production of Microalgae for Bioproducts

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Methodological review of genetic engineering approaches for non-model algae

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Global mapping of cost‐effective microalgal biofuel production areas with minimal environmental impact

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Species and Strain Selection

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Maximizing Productivity and Reducing Environmental Impacts of Full-Scale Algal Production through Optimization of Open Pond Depth and Hydraulic Retention Time

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Full-Scale Validation of a Model of Algal Productivity

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Integrating nutrient removal and solid management restricts the feasibility of algal biofuel generation via wastewater treatment

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Climate-simulated raceway pond culturing: quantifying the maximum achievable annual biomass productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana in the contiguous USA

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Outdoor cultivation of a novel isolate of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. and the evaluation of its potential as a novel protein crop

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Dunaliella: Biology, production, and markets

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Growth modeling to evaluate alternative cultivation strategies to enhance national microalgal biomass production

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Novel bioreactor with inclined baffles in cost-efficiently increasing algal biomass and carbon fixation

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A data-driven comparison of commercially available testing methods for algae characterization

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Types of photobioreactors

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A modelling workflow for quantification of photobioreactor performance

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Improving Microalgal Biomass Productivity Using Weather-Forecast-Informed Operations

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Real‐time ensemble microalgae growth forecasting with data assimilation

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Sustainability of microalgae cultivation

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A new algae technical standards focus group: Summarizing and guiding the algae state of the art

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Recent advancements in photo-bioreactors for microalgae cultivation: a brief overview

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Microalgae as biofactories for sustainable applications: Advancing carbon sequestration, bioenergy, and environmental remediation

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Polyphosphate accumulation in microalgae and cyanobacteria: recent advances and opportunities for phosphorus upcycling

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Thermal Conversion of Microalgae into Biochar: A Review on Processes, Properties, and Applications

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Improving Undernutrition with Microalgae

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Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design

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Dairy Wastewaters to Promote Mixotrophic Metabolism in Limnospira (Spirulina) platensis: Effect on Biomass Composition, Phycocyanin Content, and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profile

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Comparison of Different Pretreatment Processes Envisaging the Potential Use of Food Waste as Microalgae Substrate

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Navigating the microalgal maze: a comprehensive review of recent advances and future perspectives in biological networks

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Novel machine learning unlocks high lipid productivity and resolves trade-offs in algal biofuel production

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Microalgae for sustainable biodiesel and omega-3: A comprehensive review of production, processing, and implementation

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Advanced imaging for microalgal biotechnology

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Unlocking pilot-scale green diesel production from microalgae

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The effects of trophic mode and medium composition on the biochemical profile and antioxidant capacity of Tetraselmis chuii (CCAP 66/21B)

Conlon, T., Aranyos, A., Luck, T., & Touzet, N. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103362 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Recent Advances in Microalgae Cultivation Systems: Toward Autonomous Architecture

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The Spatiotemporal Variability of Marine Plankton Ecosystem Services at the Regional Scale: A Combined Approach Using a Systematic Review and Network Analysis

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The algal carbon diet: Repurposing volatile fatty acids into sustainable lipids

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The Advancement of Microalgal Cultivation Technology: Current Trends and Future Prospectives

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Innovative solutions for valorization of desalination brine

Rotter, A., Rinkevich, B., Deniz, İ., Reddy, M. M., Girão, M., Carvalho, M. F., Gunde‐Cimerman, N., Gostinčar, C., Cueto, M., Díaz‐Marrero, A. R., et al. (2025) · Water Research X · doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100372 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Chlorella vulgaris biorefineries: sustainable biofuels and high‐value carbon capture

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Influence of Nutrient Medium Composition on the Redistribution of Valuable Metabolites in the Freshwater Green Alga Tetradesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta) Under Photoautotrophic Growth Conditions

Ziganshina, E. E., & Ziganshin, A. M. (2025) · BioTech · doi:10.3390/biotech14030060 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Good practices for the industrial cultivation of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis under a greenhouse in a temperate zone (northern Italy)

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PD-based ADRC using time-varying gains: An application to microalgal-based bioprocess

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Impacts of drying methods on the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of Chlorella sorokiniana

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From traditional methods to intelligent control – a comparison of algae cultivation strategies with a focus on reinforcement learning

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Sustainable production of the organomineral fertilizers from microalgae cultivated in some industrial effluents

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Machine learning-enabled microalgal bioprocesses for sustainable biofuel production: a comprehensive review

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Bicarbonate-mediated CO2 utilization in green microalgae: Multivariate interaction engineering for tunable biodiesel and nutritional lipid outputs

Salehipour-Bavarsad, F., Shariatmadari, Z., Nematollahi, M. A., & Azizi, M. (2026) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2026.103468 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Biochemical shifts in Chlorella vulgaris via post-stationary magnesium sulfate stress: optimizing biomass for advanced bio-fertilizers

Dodangodage, C. A., Kasturiarachchi, J. C., Perera, T. A., Rajapakshe, D., Niyangoda, S. S., & Halwatura, R. U. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1867866 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Mass cultivation of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum for gonyautoxin-1,4 production

Greenhough, H., Waugh, C., van Ginkel, R., Bowater, J., Kaur, G., Oakly, J., Plouviez, M., Ingebrigtsen, R. A., Svenson, J., & Selwood, A. I. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91576-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Large-Scale Harvesting of Microalgae

Muir, E., Guieysse, B., & Plouviez, M. (2025) · Grand challenges in biology and biotechnology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84282-5_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Introductory Chapter—Microalgae: Past, Present, and Future Directions

Severo, I. A., Ordóñez, J. C., VARGAS, J. V. C., & Mariano, A. B. (2025) · Grand challenges in biology and biotechnology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84282-5_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Creating microalgal mutants by breaking DNA with Zeocin: A mini review

Liu, H., Guo, L., Jiang, S. W., Li, X., Jiang, T., & Yang, G. (2025) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-025-03589-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Arctic Diatoms as a Source of Antibiofilm Compounds: Identification of Methyl 3-Hydroxyoctadecanoate and Pheophorbide a

Huizer, M., Osvik, R. D., Hansen, E. H., Vasskog, T., Andersen, J. H., van Wezel, K., Eilertsen, H. C., Isaksson, J. M., Hansen, K. Ø., & Ingebrigtsen, R. A. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15101482 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Biomass of Microalgae and Other Phototrophic Microorganisms: Current Trends in Regulation of Its Accumulation and Application of Immobilized Forms

Efremenko, E. N., Senko, O. V., Teplova, K. R., & Aslanli, A. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152312775 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Biological contaminants in large-scale microalgae cultures

Plouviez, M., Copedo, J. S., Ingebrigtsen, R. A., & Muir, E. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34082-6.00013-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Bioprocess Design and Optimization for Pharmaceutical Production Using Microalgae and Cyanobacteria

Barajas-Solano, A. F., Zuorro, A., Lavecchia, R., Garcia-Martinez, J. B., & Contreras-Ropero, J. E. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14071141 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microalgae–microbiome networks as next-generation biotechnologies: Integrating ecological theory, multi-omics, and engineering for sustainable water and carbon management

Ugya, A. Y., Sheng, Y., Ajibade, F. O., Chen, H., & Wang, Q. (2026) · Water Research X · doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2026.100571 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Integrating Microalgae-Based Technologies for Wastewater Purification and Resource Recovery: Emerging Opportunities

Silva, É. D. L. D., Felix, J. H. D. S., de Lima, R. K. C., Serpa, J. D. F., Aires, F. I. D. S., Ferreira, A. N. S., do Carmo, F. R., Melo, R. L. F., & dos Santos, J. C. S. (2026) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.5c01168 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microalgae-based living biomaterials for immunoengineering: from biological functions to therapeutic systems

Zhu, H., Wang, R., & Zhou, M. (2026) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d6bm00677a · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Anaerobic Conversion of Microalgal Biomass to Biomethane in the Presence of Carbon-Based Materials: Additive Type, Concentration, and Impact on Microbial Communities

Ziganshina, E. E., & Ziganshin, A. M. (2026) · Biomass · doi:10.3390/biomass6050089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microalgae as Sustainable and Economic Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Panchal, S. K., Heimann, K., & Brown, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84200-9_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Unlocking Green Diesel: Pilot-Scale Microalgae Hydrocarbon ProductionPreprint

Costa, I. G., VARGAS, J. V. C., Balmant, W., Ramos, L. P., Mariano, A. B., Oliveira, A. C. D., Silva, T. M. D., Severo, I. A., Ordóñez, J. C., Sousa, D. D. L., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4745455

Enhancing Sustainable Algal Growth and Biomass Conversion in Lebanon: Integrating Photo-bioreactors and Spray Dryer Systems

Dbouk, H. M., Ezzeddine, M., Dbouk, N., Attieh, L., & Maalouf, N. (2024) · International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Smart Technologies (ISAS) · doi:10.1109/isas64331.2024.10845612

The biofertilizer and biostimulant properties of a mixture of Spirulina sp. and Chlorella vulgaris biomass in Musa AAA Cavendish variety Valery seedlings

Bohórquez, D. M. C., Vargas, L. A. H., Correa-Álvarez, C. D., & Atehortúa, L. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.18006/2025.13(3).319.336

Floating Light Ball Reactor: A Scalable and Flexible Photobioreactor Design for Microalgae Cultivation

Gehring, T., Maurer, P., YILDIRIM, M. E., Lierse, M. S., & Ickes, R. (2025) · Sustainability & Circularity NOW · doi:10.1055/a-2727-4980

Single initial inoculation of bioflocs maintains water quality in the long-term culture collection of Brachionus plicatilis

Mandario, M. A. E., Kozue, N., Wassel, M. A., Makabe‐Kobayashi, Y., Han, C., Hamasaki, K., & Sakakura, Y. (2025) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-025-02271-7

Sustainable Bicarbonate-Driven Bioprocess Modeling Using RSM-CCD: A Tunable Carbon-Negative Platform for Biodiesel-Feed Dual OutputsPreprint

Salehipour-Bavarsad, F., Nematollahi, M. A., Shariatmadari, Z., & Azizi, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5857206

Optimization of Culture Conditions for Growth and Enhanced Lipid Accumulation in Green Microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana Using a Two-Stage Cultivation Process for Biodiesel Production

Nguyen Minh, C. H. A. U., Thom, L. T., Ha, N. C., Huy, L. A., Dat, N. M., Thu, N. T. H., NGHIA, T. T., Vu, T. H. T., & Dang Diem, H. O. N. G. (2026) · Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy · doi:10.3775/jie.105.1

Advanced thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass to biofuels

Talebi, A. F. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34082-6.00028-3

Electrodiffusion Method for Real-Time Biofouling Detection in Closed PhotobioreactorsPreprint

Jirout, T., Zakova, T. F., & Bělohlav, V. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6848940

Transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during palmelloid colony formation in response to predator Daphnia cuesPreprint

Muir, E., Grossman, A. R., Brown, N., Fedrizzi, B., Guieysse, B., & Plouviez, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6848939

Unlocking the potential of earthworm compost leachate for microalgae production using sequenced-batch and semi-continuous culture strategies

Beigbeder, J., Cogneau, M., Deletoile, A., & Parsy, A. (2026) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2026.105041

Marine discovery, nonmarine deployment: A translation paradox in blue biotechnology

Lemos, M. F. L. (2026) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2026.06.017

Algae-based Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Cultivation and Conversion

Amusat, S. O., Kareem, M. A., Shittu, H. A., Adeniji, T. H., Kebede, T. G., Dube, S., & Nindi, M. M. (2026) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837678723-00215

A two-stage cultivation strategy for the industrial production of the novel microalga Chlorococcum amblystomatis

Correia, N., Trovão, M., Santo, G. E., Guerra, I., Cunha, P., Fonseca, J., Pereira, H., Costa, M. M., Ferreira, S., Santos, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-026-03969-8

From Carbon Sinks to Biofactories: Next-Generation Microalgae Platforms for Sustainable Climate Mitigation

Jain, K., Kumar, K., Kumar, S. B., & Nawkarkar, P. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research · doi:10.1007/s41742-026-01196-0

Fucoxanthin Bioproduction from Marine Diatoms: Regulatory Strategies and Industrial Potential of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Odontella aurita—A Review

Zhang, M., Li, H. M., Du, F., Li, Y., & Li, H. (2026) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md24080282

Effective harvesting of high-density microalgae biomass via combination of advanced oxidation and flocculation-flotation process

Shin, S. H., Yoon, H. J., & Pack, S. P. (2026) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2026.104930

Microalgae-based wastewater treatment, carbon biofixation, and bioproduct generation: A comprehensive feasibility review from bench to industrial scale

Mahdavi, S., Baktash, S. F., Lafout, A. S., Azadvar, S., Ghorghi, S. M. M., & Tavakoli, O. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.124775

Nonsterile Cultivation of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Parathermosynechococcus lividus PCC 6715 in a Floating Light Ball Reactor (FLBR) on 53‐L Scale for Zeaxanthin Production

YILDIRIM, M. E., Maurer, P., Lierse, M. S., Grund, R., Weidling, L., Ickes, R., Albaali, N., Boumia, A., Leis, S., Koch, M., et al. (2026) · ChemFoodChem · doi:10.1002/cfch.70034

Precision Microalgae: A New Conceptual Framework for Bioengineering Applications

Dutra, D. A., Machado, R. L. S., Deprá, M. C., Schneider, A. T., Machado, E. F., Fagundes, M. B., Zepka, L. Q., & Lopes, E. J. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13091011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microalgae-based sustainable aviation fuel: Integrating feedstock characteristics, cultivation water systems, and conversion pathways

Khalili, D. A., Akoumeh, R., Al‐Ejji, M., Das, P., & Hawari, A. H. (2026) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2026.113830

Microalgal Synthetic Biotechnology: From Genetic Models to Deployable Photosynthetic Chassis

Liu, J. (2026) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.1449

Harnessing soil algae for climate-smart agriculture

Samaratunga, R., Abinandan, S., Kadiyala, V., Chen, C., & Megharaj, M. (2026) · Cell Reports Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsus.2026.100868

Microalgae-mediated recovery of rare earth elements: mechanisms, strategies, and circular bioeconomy perspectives

Chen, R., Xi, Y., Zeng, X., Sang, C., Kong, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jia, Y. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117555

A Vertically Stacked Thin-Layer Cascade Photobioreactor for Space-Efficient Indoor Microalgae Cultivation: Design, Geometric Characterization, and Operational Baseline Across Scales

Atoche-Garay, D., Stellner, N. I., Khanpit, V. V., Viswanathan, S., & Brück, T. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13101194

Suitability of Agro-Industrial Residues as Co-Substrates for Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Microalgal Biomass

Hawrot-Paw, M. (2026) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture16202300

MoS2 photocatalytic degradation of humic acid facilitates microalgal nutrient recovery from wastewater

Long, Z., Zhou, H., Zhao, L., Ren, T., Liu, J., Tu, S., Yuan, J., Ren, M., Wang, L., Shen, G., et al. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.183432

Electrodiffusion method for local detection of biofouling removal in closed photobioreactors

Bělohlav, V., Jirout, T., & Zakova, T. F. (2026) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2026.105022

Microalgae cultivation: closing the laboratory-field yield gapPreprint

Plouviez, M., & Guieysse, B. (2023) · doi:10.22541/au.169219629.92926992/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Improving the cultivation efficiency of microalgae for biofuels: spanning biofilm and bioprocessing scales

Rosenberg, J. N. (2014)

Growth yield of microalgae: Reassessment of Ykcal

Ogawa, T., Fujii, T., & Aiba, S. (1978) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.260200916 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Photobioreactor engineering for microalgae cultivation: from lab to industry

Pruvost, J. (2014) · doi:10.13140/2.1.3124.7686

Bioprocessing in microalgae

Brain, C. M. (2017)