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Cited by 57Cholesterol and Lipid MetabolismLipid Membrane Structure and BehaviorDrug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms

Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux—Insight From Imaging

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Juhl, Alice Dupont, Wüstner, Daniel·2022·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
DOI 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408PMC PMC8920967
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Abstract

Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.

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  • Decrease in ABCA1 led to accumulation of astrocytic cholesterol, suggesting activation of a non-ABCA1-mediated efflux or increase in diffusion, perhaps due to a larger cholesterol gradient between medium lipoproteins and cellular plasma membrane.

    “Decrease in ABCA1 led to the accumulation of astrocytic cholesterol, suggesting activation of a non-ABCA1-mediated efflux or increase in diffusion, perhaps due to a larger cholesterol gradient between medium lipoproteins and cellular plasma membrane42.”

    From An iPSC-derived astrocyte model of fragile X syndrome exhibits dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

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Authors
Juhl, A. D., & Wüstner, D.
Affiliations
University of Southern Denmark (DK)
Corresponding author
Wüstner, Daniel
ORCID
Wüstner, Daniel
Venue
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-03-01
Volume
10
Pages
834408-834408
ISSN
2296-634X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fcell.2022.834408
PMC
PMC8920967
OpenAlex
W4214667590
Cited by
57
References
273
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 4
FWCI
3.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Lundbeckfonden
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Keywords
cholesterol efflux, reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoprotein, ABC transporters, exosomes, microvesicles, migrasomes, lipophagy, oxysterols, cholesterol homeostasis

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