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Toward a Taxonomy of Climate Emotions
Open accessAbstract
There is a growing evidence that emotions shape people's reactions to the climate crisis in profound but complex ways. Climate emotions are related to resilience, climate action, and psychological well-being and health. However, there is currently a lack of research about the array of various climate emotions. There is also a need for more integration with general research about emotions. This article conducts a preliminary exploration of the taxonomy of climate emotions, based on literature reviews and philosophical discussion. The term emotion is used here in a broad sense, as is common in climate emotion research. Because of the urgency of the climate crisis and the lack of previous research, this kind of exploration is aimed to be helpful for both practical climate work and for future research which would include more systematic reviews of the topic. Research items which discuss at least five different climate emotions, based on empirical observations, are used as major sources and a table about them is provided. Climate emotions are discussed on the basis of interdisciplinary research. The article considers many aspects of the phenomena of climate anxiety and climate grief.
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“Feelings of belonging, togetherness and connection not only support capacity for nature-connection but may also provide a basis for caring about climate-related matters (Stoknes, 2015; Pihkala, 2022), providing systems-informed opportunities for connecting wellbeing with major societal challenges such as the climate emergency.”
From The Complex Construct of Wellbeing and the Role of Vagal Function (2022) · cites this paper as Pihkala, 2022
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“In line with the appraisal theory of emotion, it was classified as a threat-related climate emotion by Pihkala ( 2022) in her taxonomy of environmentally relevant emotions and mental states and reflects a specific form of future-oriented stress appraisal (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Saalwirth &…”
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Xausa, C. (2026) · ISLE Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment · doi:10.1093/isle/isag038 · Cited by 1
Climate Education for Agency: The Power of Emotion
Hundemer, S., Monroe, M. C., Crippen, K. J., Brown, J. R., Ebert, E., & Tolppanen, S. (2026) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-026-10363-4 · Cited by 1
Nallajerla, M., & Engstrom, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2026.1870224 · Cited by 1
Marques, L. M. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23080991 · Cited by 2
“…solastalgia and ecological grief as distinct affective responses to environmental loss [20,21], and on the broader taxonomy of climate emotions [22,23], but has developed largely without spatial-analytical integration: administration is typically survey-based and non-georeferenced, and landscape…”
Marques, L. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2026.1881278 · Cited by 2
“…that climate-related exposures, including not only acute events such as floods, wildfires, and heatwaves but also the slower, cumulative deterioration of familiar environments, produce measurable effects on human affect, cognition, and behavior (Clayton, 2020; Pihkala, 2022; Cunsolo and Ellis, 2018).”
Beyond deliberation: Why we need affect for ecological democracy
Knops, L., & Silberzahn, L. (2026) · Environmental Values · doi:10.1177/09632719261472162 · Cited by 1
Lahtinen, T., & Löytty, O. (2022) · Joutsen / Svanen Kotimaisen kirjallisuudentutkimuksen vuosikirja · doi:10.33346/joutsensvanen.121673 · Cited by 2
Ivanova, Z. I., & Yudenkova, O. V. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202338908005 · Cited by 1
“[6, 7].”
Philosophical Perspectives on Climate Anxiety
Vaškovic, P. (2023) · Handbooks in philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16960-2_144-1 · Cited by 1
Climate Change and the Motivational Gap
Pirni, A. (2023) · Handbooks in philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16960-2_150-1 · Cited by 1
Experiencing a Lament Performance in a Mire
Latvala-Harvilahti, P. (2023) · Ethnologia Fennica · doi:10.23991/ef.v50i1.121289 · Cited by 1
Rakkaus marginaaliseen paikkaan
Kaukio, V. (2023) · Lähikuva – audiovisuaalisen kulttuurin tieteellinen julkaisu · doi:10.23994/lk.136792 · Cited by 1
Emerging Ethical Pathways and Frameworks
Fraser-Burgess, S., Heybach, J., & Metro-Roland, D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009188128.032 · Cited by 1
Mihai, M. (2023) · Parallax · doi:10.1080/13534645.2024.2302667 · Cited by 2
Hartmann, E., Geneuss, K., & Hoppe, I. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16114490 · Cited by 1
“The framing of a dialogue on different aspects of climate justice [1] helped all the actors involved—NGOs, scientists, experts from local stakeholders, and participants—to share their climate emotions [27] on topics such as intergenerational justice.”
BackgroundConceptual Foundations of Climate Distress in Young People
Haase, E., & Hudson, K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009252904.001 · Cited by 1
Psychoanalytic and Relational Perspectives on Youth Climate Distress
Caballero, A. V., & Lewis, J. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009252904.007 · Cited by 1
Eco-Remorse, Eco-Metanoia, and the Anthropocene
LaMothe, R. W. (2024) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-024-01151-w · Cited by 1
“Pihkala (2022b) extends this discussion, noting that eco-grief can also result in complicated grief, which manifests in “clinically significant depression and eco-paralysis” (p. 20).”
Painful Consolations: Re-Imagining Soul Care in a Time of Climate Crisis
Robinson, T. A. (2024) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-024-01173-4 · Cited by 1
“They are what some have called “moral emotions” that invite and motivate persons to engage in reparative work (Fredericks, 2021; Pihkala, 2022a, b).”
Redeeming the Sense of the Universal
Wyller, T., Lundberg, J. G., & Gregersen, N. H. (2024) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666568749 · Cited by 1
López-Terra, F. (2024) · Diablotexto Digital · doi:10.7203/diablotexto.16.29576 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Pihkala, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pihkala, Panu
- ORCID
- Pihkala, Panu
- Venue
- Frontiers in Climate
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-01-14
- Volume
- 3
- ISSN
- 2624-9553 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4206670862
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 31
- FWCI
- 125.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Climate (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Environmental Philosophy and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- climate emotions, climate anxiety, climate grief, climate crisis, psychological well-being, resilience, climate action
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