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Toward a Taxonomy of Climate Emotions
Open accessAbstract
There is a growing evidence that emotions shape people's reactions to the climate crisis in profound but complex ways. Climate emotions are related to resilience, climate action, and psychological well-being and health. However, there is currently a lack of research about the array of various climate emotions. There is also a need for more integration with general research about emotions. This article conducts a preliminary exploration of the taxonomy of climate emotions, based on literature reviews and philosophical discussion. The term emotion is used here in a broad sense, as is common in climate emotion research. Because of the urgency of the climate crisis and the lack of previous research, this kind of exploration is aimed to be helpful for both practical climate work and for future research which would include more systematic reviews of the topic. Research items which discuss at least five different climate emotions, based on empirical observations, are used as major sources and a table about them is provided. Climate emotions are discussed on the basis of interdisciplinary research. The article considers many aspects of the phenomena of climate anxiety and climate grief.
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“Feelings of belonging, togetherness and connection not only support capacity for nature-connection but may also provide a basis for caring about climate-related matters (Stoknes, 2015; Pihkala, 2022), providing systems-informed opportunities for connecting wellbeing with major societal challenges such as the climate emergency.”
From The Complex Construct of Wellbeing and the Role of Vagal Function (2022) · cites this paper as Pihkala, 2022
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Brière, L. (2025) · Frontières · doi:10.7202/1117118ar · Cited by 1
Alačovska, A., & Holt, M. (2025) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758251371346 · Cited by 1
“…for activists to sustain (Cassegård, 2024), with studies cataloguing abundant evidence of negative emotions associated with ‘ eco-anxiety ’ , including sadness, grief, fear, guilt and shame for the annihilation of ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and displacement of communities (Pihkala, 2022).”
Williamson, R. E., King, B. R., & Raiman, K. (2025) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1177/19429347251359619 · Cited by 2
“It encompasses cognitive and emotional reactions to the consequences of ecological decline and uncertainty about the future, often accompanied by feelings of worry, fear, guilt, ambivalence, powerlessness, and helplessness (Pihkala, 2022).”
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Molina, M. D. C., & Whiting, K. (2023) · Ethics Policy & Environment · doi:10.1080/21550085.2023.2228023 · Cited by 1
“As Christians believe in both a visible and invisible world, which is eschatological, immanent, and transcendent at the same time, they have a special opportunity to practice radical joy and compassion when it comes to the ecological crisis (Pihkala, 2022a; Tatay, 2021).”
InfluentialLinking architecture and emotions: sensory dynamics and methodological innovations
Zhang, Z. (2024) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-410676 · Cited by 1
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“Such emotions can impact on our capacity to function and are associated with pro-environmental behaviors and wellbeing in complex ways (Pihkala, 2022; Brosch and Sauter, 2023).”
BackgroundCLIMATE BRAIN - Questionnaires, Tasks and the Neuroimaging Dataset
Zaremba, D., Kossowski, B., Wypych, M., Jednoróg, K., Michałowski, J. M., Klöckner, C. A., Wierzba, M., & Marchewka, A. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05038-0 · Cited by 1
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“Pihkala (2022) klassifizierte die in der Forschung adressierten verschiedenen Emotionen in einer Taxonomie.”
BackgroundKlimaendringer, følelser og benektelse: en psykoanalytisk pilotstudie
Flatås, M. D. (2023) · Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening · doi:10.52734/ayxa2873
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Editorial: Discrete emotions in environmental decision-making
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“However, there is still very limited understanding regarding how discrete emotions can influence environmental behavior, potentially due to the complex nature of climate change (Pihkala, 2022).”
BackgroundClimate Change and the Motivational Gap
Pirni, A. (2023) · Handbooks in philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07002-0_150
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“The tools that allow us to build a more equal world in which emotions, along with reason, guide action are those that will put an end to the problems caused by socio-economic structures that promote inequality and unwellness [16,17].”
BackgroundMagne, M.-A., Bedoussac, L., Pujos, A., Díaz, M., Guerrier, F., Penel, A. L., Degrange, B., Gaborieau, I., Berger, B., Gilly, É., et al. (2024) · Pour · doi:10.3917/pour.248.0291
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(2024) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666568749.1
To the Issue of Studying Ecological Emotional Experiences
Baranov, V. (2023) · Visnyk of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University A Series of Psychology · doi:10.26565/2225-7756-2023-75-08 · Cited by 1
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“Ilyen pozitív érzelmek lehetnek a remény, a kíváncsiság, vagy akár a környezet védelemhez köthető elért eredményekkel kapcsolatban érzett öröm vagy büsz keség (Pihkala, 2022).”
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Climate Emotions in a Pre-service Teacher Course on Climate Change
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Pihkala, P. (2025) · Nature and Culture · doi:10.3167/nc.2025.200205
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Larocque, E., & Roy-Darisse, C. (2025) · Recherches & éducations · doi:10.4000/14l9p
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Chan, H., Tam, K., Wang, X., & Hong, Y. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102785 · Cited by 1
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Parrill, F. (2025) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1177/19429347251362843
“Humans are experiencing increasing levels of depression, anxiety, anger, grief, and despair as a result of the climate crisis (Cunsolo et al., 2020; Duggan, Haddaway, & Badullovich, 2021; Hamilton, 2022; Hickman et al., 2021; Pihkala, 2022; Ramadan et al., 2023; Wray, 2022).”
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317Climate Anxiety as a Spiritual Crisis
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Cipriani, E., Menicucci, D., & Grassini, S. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06608-2 · Cited by 4
What Can Existential Therapists Offer in a Time of Climate Crisis?
Neville, E. (2026) · Existential Analysis Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis · doi:10.65828/81gbh294
Wildfire research and mental health: impacts, reflections, and a call to action
Dickson‐Hoyle, S., Santana, F. N., Szostak, C., & Oelke, N. D. (2026) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-025-00434-8
“…as underlying feelings of climate anxiety—characterized by fear, worry, or helplessness about anticipated climate change impacts—and emergent ecological grief—the profound experience of loss related to environmental degradation (Cunsolo et al. 2020; Ojala et al. 2021; Pihkala 2020b, 2020a, 2022).”
From Anger to Adaptation: The Process of Eco-anxiety in Young Australians
Panditha, A., Harris, N., Wiseman, N., & Sofija, E. (2026) · Young · doi:10.1177/11033088261418378
Fear motivates and dread stalls: the role of emotions in climate support
Gradidge, S., Harvey, A. J., Gibson, N., Keyes, H., Knuppel, A., McKendrick, E., Ownsworth, R., & Zawisza, M. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1667470
“Research has often focused on emotion-related effects of climate change, such as eco-anxiety (Hickman et al., 2021; Lammel, 2025; Niedzwiedz and Katikireddi, 2023), but less on whether emotions drive climate change beliefs and action (Brosch, 2021; Brosch and Steg, 2021; Pihkala, 2022a).”
Suresh, K. (2026) · International Journal of Social Science Research Studies (IJSSRS) · doi:10.63090/ijssrs/3108.1932.0010
Karpudewan, M. (2026) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2026.2629513
Re-framing eco-distress for self-efficacy and resilience building
Sheate, B. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000563
“Given this, an important question is whether eco-distress is so different from other forms of distress that it requires a completely different approach, as some argue [6,7]?”
Ecological Citizenship: Addressing and Harnessing Eco-Anxiety
Bourban, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03219-5_3
Introduction: Living Beyond Planetary Boundaries
Bourban, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03219-5_1
Amberg, M. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie · doi:10.1007/s11620-025-00887-8
An exploratory study of critical incidents within public organizations during leadership change
Suwanda, R. P., Suhariadi, F., Suyanto, B., & Wijoyo, S. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.142942.2
Examining the relationship between climate concern, climate anxiety and climate action in the UK
Wolstenholme, E., Steentjes, K., Demski, C., & Poortinga, W. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04170-9
“For example, climate anxiety has been used to describe climate concern, worry, rumination, fear, shame, hope-lessness, despair and guilt [5, 12, 13].”
Equity-aware optimization for urban transit decarbonization: Modeling and case study
Wang, J., Chen, Q., Nicholls, S., & Mérida, W. (2026) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2026.107297
Reimagining Education in the Metacrisis with Sartre, Dufourmantelle and Stiegler
Murphy, J. S., & Mui, C. L. (2025) · Australian Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1017/aee.2026.10137
“Scientists over the last decade have increasingly recognised crisis-related emotions, such as anxiety, guilt and grief (Pihkala, 2022).”
The effects of induced emotions on punishment and reward
Drouvelis, M., & Brit Grosskopf, A. (2026) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2026.03.012
Metadata
- Authors
- Pihkala, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pihkala, Panu
- ORCID
- Pihkala, Panu
- Venue
- Frontiers in Climate
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-01-14
- Volume
- 3
- ISSN
- 2624-9553 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4206670862
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 31
- FWCI
- 125.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Climate (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Environmental Philosophy and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- climate emotions, climate anxiety, climate grief, climate crisis, psychological well-being, resilience, climate action
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