The DOI matches its Crossref record; 330 of the 333 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update
Open accessAbstract
In the past decade there has been a growing interest in understanding sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and the purpose of this review is to provide an update on this topic including epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Recently, many clinical studies have been conducted examining sex differences in myocarditis. Studies consistently report that myocarditis occurs more often in men than women with a sex ratio ranging from 1:2–4 female to male. Studies reveal that DCM also has a sex ratio of around 1:3 women to men and this is also true for familial/genetic forms of DCM. Animal models have demonstrated that DCM develops after myocarditis in susceptible mouse strains and evidence exists for this progress clinically as well. A consistent finding is that myocarditis occurs primarily in men under 50 years of age, but in women after age 50 or post-menopause. In contrast, DCM typically occurs after age 50, although the age that post-myocarditis DCM occurs has not been investigated. In a small study, more men with myocarditis presented with symptoms of chest pain while women presented with dyspnea. Men with myocarditis have been found to have higher levels of heart failure biomarkers soluble ST2, creatine kinase, myoglobin and T helper 17-associated cytokines while women develop a better regulatory immune response. Studies of the pathogenesis of disease have found that Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 signaling pathways play a central role in increasing inflammation during myocarditis and in promoting remodeling and fibrosis that leads to DCM, and all of these pathways are elevated in males. Management of myocarditis follows heart failure guidelines and there are currently no disease-specific therapies. Research on standard heart failure medications reveal important sex differences. Overall, many advances in our understanding of the effect of biologic sex on myocarditis and DCM have occurred over the past decade, but many gaps in our understanding remain. A better understanding of sex and gender effects are needed to develop disease-targeted and individualized medicine approaches in the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Few females progress to DCM in humans or autoimmune/viral myocarditis animal models. 64,124”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, the findings highlight that myocarditis occurs predominantly in male patients aged 12 to 40 years regardless of whether the cause was due to a virus-like SARS-CoV-2 or associated with a vaccine-a demographic that has been reported before COVID-19.”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We have published previously that upregulation of complement and TLRs including TLR4 are key immune pathways that promote myocarditis in the autoimmune-CVB3 animal model”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Myocarditis typically occurs more often in young men aged 16 to 30 years, and the sex ratio for COVID-19 studies is typically observed to be 60% men to 40% women.”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“with men developing more scar tissue and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) than women. 64,124,131”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“suggesting potential alternative pathogenesis such as autoimmunity, hypersensitivity, or medication usage.”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Notably, in some cases of lymphocytic myocarditis, these viruses tested negative, while autoantibodies specific to the heart were present”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Myocarditis is a well-known disease presenting sex differences, with males showing a higher prevalence and mortality rate, observed in both human and animal models. 150”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Myocarditis pre-COVID is known to occur more often in young men under the age of 50 years, with a sex ratio of 2 to 4:1 men to women”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“while women are more likely to develop myocarditis after menopause, which is reviewed in previous studies. 64,113-117”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Proposed mechanisms include more proinflammatory and profibrotic immune profiles in the heart of males compared with females, potentially attributed to differences in sex hormones. 150”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [150]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Similar to myocarditis, preCOVID pericarditis occurs more often in young men under the age of 50 years with a sex ratio of around 2:1. 64,95,118”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The accuracy of cMRI depends on the amount of scar tissue present”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Fitchett, D., Bluhmki, E., Hantel, S., Mattheus, M., Devins, T., Johansen, O. E., Woerle, H. J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1504720 · Cited by 12,315
Ahmed, A., Jorna, T., & Bhandari, S. (2016) · The Nephron journals/Nephron journals · doi:10.1159/000447068 · Cited by 11,782
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019
Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A. Z., Benjamin, E. J., Benziger, C. P., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010 · Cited by 11,449
Self-citationThe SOLVD Investigators* (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108013250501 · Cited by 8,029
Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
McMurray, J. J. V., Solomon, S. D., Inzucchi, S. E., Køber, L., Kosiborod, M. N., Martinez, F. A., Ponikowski, P., Sabatine, M. S., Anand, I. S., Bělohlávek, J., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1911303 · Cited by 7,140
Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure
McMurray, J. J. V., Packer, M., Desai, A. S., Gong, J., Lefkowitz, M. P., Rizkala, A. R., Rouleau, J. L., Shi, V. C., Solomon, S. D., Swedberg, K., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1409077 · Cited by 6,957
ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012
Authors/Task Force Members, McMurray, J. J. V., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Böhm, M., Dickstein, K., Falk, V., Filippatos, G., Fonseca, C., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104 · Cited by 6,879
Effects of Enalapril on Mortality in Severe Congestive Heart Failure
The Consensus Trial Study Group* (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198706043162301 · Cited by 5,109
Caforio, A. L. P., Pankuweit, S., Arbustini, E., Basso, C., Gimeno-Blanes, J., Felix, S. B., Fu, M., Heliö, T., Heymans, S., Jahns, R., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht210 · Cited by 3,479
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 2015, Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Research.
- 2022, Sex/Gender-Specific COVID-19 Outcomes and Management Relevant for Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Disorders: From Bench to Bedside.
- 2012, What a Difference Sex and Gender Make: A Gender, Sex and Health Research Casebook.
- Nakaya, 2003, Estrogenic compounds suppressed interferon-gamma production in mouse splenocytes through direct cell-cell interaction., In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim., 39, 383, 10.1290/1543-706X(2003)039<0383:ECSIPI>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Fairweather, D., Beetler, D. J., Di Florio, D. N., Musigk, N., Heidecker, B., & Cooper, L. T. (2023) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.321878 · Cited by 194
Self-citationMechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity
Fairweather, D., Beetler, D. J., McCabe, E. J., & Lieberman, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci180076 · Cited by 121
Self-citationClinical Characteristics and Mechanisms of Acute Myocarditis
Heymans, S. R. B., Linthout, S. V., Kraus, S., Cooper, L. T., & Ntusi, N. (2024) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.124.324674 · Cited by 52
Self-citationAutoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks.
Won, T., Song, E. J., Kalinoski, H. M., Moslehi, J. J., & Čiháková, D. (2024) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.124.323816 · Cited by 51
Sex- and gender-related disparities in chest pain syndromes: the feminine mystique of chest pain
Angeli, F., Ricci, F., Moscucci, F., Sciomer, S., Bucciarelli, V., Bianco, F., Mattioli, A. V., Pizzi, C., & Gallina, S. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102457 · Cited by 36
Cao, X., Nguyen, V., Tsai, J. C., Gao, C., Tian, Y., Zhang, Y., Carver, W. E., Kiaris, H., Cui, T., & Tan, W. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101756 · Cited by 35
Lasica, R., Djukanovic, L., Savić, L., Krljanać, G., Zdravkovic, M. D., Ristić, M., Lasica, A., Ašanin, M., & Ristić, A. D. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13193073 · Cited by 41
Sex and Age Characteristics in Acute or Chronic Myocarditis
Thevathasan, T., Kenny, M. A., Gaul, A. L., Paul, J., Krause, F. J., Lech, S., Stadler, G., Meyer, A., Schreiber, F., Fairweather, D., et al. (2024) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100857 · Cited by 27
Self-citationComprehensive review on gene mutations contributing to dilated cardiomyopathy
Wang, S., Zhang, Z., He, J., Liu, J., Guo, X., Chu, H., Xu, H., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1296389 · Cited by 29
Sex-chromosome mechanisms in cardiac development and disease
Conlon, F. L., & Arnold, A. P. (2023) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-023-00256-4 · Cited by 27
Maatz, H., Lindberg, E. L., Adami, E., López-Anguita, N., Perdomo-Sabogal, Á., Ortega, L. C., Patone, G., Reichart, D., Myronova, A., Schmidt, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-025-00612-6 · Cited by 26
Self-citationMitochondrial extracellular vesicles, autoimmunity and myocarditis
Florio, D. N. D., Beetler, D. J., McCabe, E. J., Sin, J., Ikezu, T., & Fairweather, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374796 · Cited by 25
Self-citationReconstituted Extracellular Vesicles from Human Platelets Decrease Viral Myocarditis in Mice
Beetler, D. J., Bruno, K. A., Watkins, M. M., Xu, V., Chekuri, I., Giresi, P. G., Florio, D. N. D., Whelan, E. R., Edenfield, B. H., Walker, S. A., et al. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202303317 · Cited by 20
Self-citationDeterminants of COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis
Rose, J., Hulscher, N., & McCullough, P. A. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/20420986241226566 · Cited by 25
Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination
Florek, K., & Sokolski, M. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12101193 · Cited by 19
Myocarditis in anti-synthetase syndrome: clinical features and diagnostic modalities
Luca, G. D. D., Campochiaro, C., Palmisano, A., Bruno, E., Vignale, D., Peretto, G., Sala, S., Ferlito, A., Cilona, M. B., Esposito, A., et al. (2023) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead541 · Cited by 18
Sex differences in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome: a state-of-the-art review
Zilio, F., Musella, F., Ceriello, L., Ciliberti, G., Pavan, D., Manes, M. T., Selimi, A., Scicchitano, P., Iannopollo, G., Albani, S., et al. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102486 · Cited by 20
Li, J., Fan, H., Yang, Y., Huang, Z., Yuan, Y., & Liang, B. (2024) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-024-04402-z · Cited by 17
Shenton, P., Schrader, S., Smith, J., Alafaci, A., Cox, N. R., Taylor, A. J., Hare, J., Jones, B., Crawford, N. W., Buttery, J. P., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.070 · Cited by 17
The inflammatory spectrum of cardiomyopathies
Musigk, N., Suwalski, P., Golpour, A., Fairweather, D., Klingel, K., Martı́n, P., Frustaci, A., Cooper, L. T., Lüscher, T. F., Landmesser, U., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1251780 · Cited by 17
Self-citationZhang, Y., Feng, L., Zhu, Z., He, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102735 · Cited by 14
A ring resonators optical sensor for multiple biomarkers detection
Favaretto, R., Ardoino, N., Pucker, G., Bellotto, N., Mancinelli, M., Piccoli, G., Bernard, M., Vanzetti, L., Potrich, C., Lunelli, L., et al. (2024) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127035 · Cited by 15
Kong, Q., Xu, X., Li, M., Meng, X., Zhao, C., & Yang, X. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/46635 · Cited by 13
Collini, V., Vignut, L. S., Angriman, F., Braidotti, G., Biasio, M. D., & Imazio, M. (2024) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2024-324214 · Cited by 17
Wang, C., & Luo, H. (2024) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2586 · Cited by 14
Cersosimo, A., Amore, L., Cimino, G., Arabia, G., Pagnesi, M., Inciardi, R. M., Adamo, M., Metra, M., & Vizzardi, E. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000001733 · Cited by 12
Immune Mechanisms of Viral, Autoimmune, and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor‐Associated Myocarditis
Jo, W., Sun, V., & Čiháková, D. (2026) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.70111 · Cited by 12
The natural history of CVB3 myocarditis in C57BL/6J mice: an extended in-depth characterization
Favere, K., Hecke, M. V., Eens, S., Bosman, M., Stobbelaar, K., Hotterbeekx, A., Kumar‐Singh, S., Delputte, P., Fransén, E., SUTTER, J. D., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107652 · Cited by 11
Xu, A.-L., Xu, S., Tan, X., Sun, Q., Song, Y., Nong, Y., Wang, X., Zeng, Y., Fan, H., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s543139 · Cited by 10
Geschlechterspezifische Aspekte kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen
Baessler, A., Bauer, P., Becker, M., Berrisch-Rahmel, S., Goldmann, B. U., Grünig, E., Hamm, C., Meder, B., Kindermann, I., Ong, P., et al. (2024) · Die Kardiologie · doi:10.1007/s12181-024-00694-9 · Cited by 11
Specificities of Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure in Women
Dekleva, M., Djordjević, A., Živković, S., & Suzic-Lazić, J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237319 · Cited by 10
Ivanova, M. M., Dao, J., Friedman, A., Kasaci, N., & Göker-Alpan, Ö. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14050322 · Cited by 10
Li, H., Cheng, Z. J., Fu, X., Liu, M., Liu, P., Cao, W., Liang, Z., Wang, F., & Sun, B. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108524 · Cited by 10
Almeida, A. G., Grapsa, J., Gimelli, A., Bucciarelli‐Ducci, C., Gerber, B. L., Marsan, N. A., Bernard, A., Donal, E., Dweck, M. R., Haugaa, K. H., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeae013 · Cited by 9
Ahmed, R., Jamil, Y., Ramphul, K., Mactaggart, S., Bilal, M., Dulay, M. S., Shi, R., Azzu, A., Okafor, J., Memon, R. A., et al. (2024) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.15051 · Cited by 9
Shyam-Sundar, V., Harding, D., Khan, A., Abdulkareem, M., Slabaugh, G., MOHIDDIN, S. A., Petersen, S. E., & Aung, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1408574 · Cited by 9
Sex differences in mitochondrial gene expression during viral myocarditis
Florio, D. N. D., Weigel, G. J., Gorelov, D. J., McCabe, E. J., Beetler, D. J., Shapiro, K. A., Bruno, K. A., Chekuri, I., Jain, A., Whelan, E. R., et al. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00678-0 · Cited by 10
Self-citationZhang, Y.-D., Chen, N., Wang, Q., Li, H., Zhang, S., Xia, T., He, Y., Rong, X., Wu, T., & Wu, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1504586 · Cited by 11
Beetler, D. J., Giresi, P. G., Florio, D. N. D., Fliess, J. J., McCabe, E. J., Watkins, M. M., Xu, V., Auda, M. E., Bruno, K. A., Whelan, E. R., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1468969 · Cited by 10
Self-citationSex differences in diagnosis and treatment of heart failure: toward precision medicine
Lee, S. Y., & Park, S. (2025) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2024.338 · Cited by 9
Noah, M. L. N., Mprah, R., Wowui, P. I., Adekunle, A. O., Adu‐Amankwaah, J., Tan, R., Gong, Z., Li, T., Fu, L., Machuki, J. O., et al. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01535-8 · Cited by 8
Intercalated Disc Abnormalities Are Linked to Arrhythmias in Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy
Peretto, G., Rizzo, S., Menegon, A., Villatore, A., Veeraraghavan, R., Vignale, D., Castoldi, V., Perani, L., Canu, T., Panzeri, M. C., et al. (2025) · JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2025.02.025 · Cited by 8
Self-citationImmunomodulating and Immunosuppressive Therapy for Virus-Negative Immune-Mediated Myocarditis
Frustaci, A., Letizia, C., Alfarano, M., Marchionni, G., Verardo, R., & Chimenti, C. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071565 · Cited by 8
Myocarditis Related to the Use of Mesalazine
Kyriakou, M., Sakellaropoulos, S., Constantinides, T., Chatzantonis, G., Avraamides, P., & Mitsis, A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Cases · doi:10.14740/jmc4104 · Cited by 7
Understanding long COVID myocarditis: A comprehensive review
Srivastava, A., Sundararaj, S. N., Bhatia, J., & Arya, D. S. (2024) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156584 · Cited by 7
Estrogen attenuates stiffness-driven fibrotic signaling via transcriptional regulation
Zhu, H., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Lu, T. J., Feng, X., & Lin, M. (2025) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2025.05.007 · Cited by 6
Sex Differences in Heart Failure: A Step Forward
Wijesinghe, S., Dikou, M.-L., Kasouridis, I., Deharo, F., Page, C., Olubakin, S., Zancanaro, E., Bhalla, A., Demetrescu, C. D., Thamman, R., et al. (2025) · Interventional Cardiology Reviews Research Resources · doi:10.15420/icr.2024.30 · Cited by 6
Sex-based differences in late gadolinium enhancement among patients with acute myocarditis
Cau, R., Pisu, F., Suri, J. S., Montisci, R., Bastarrika, G., Esposito, A., & Saba, L. (2023) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110980 · Cited by 6
Cardiomyocyte β-arrestins mediate inflammation and cGAS-STING activation in CVB3 viral myocarditis
Lucero, E. Y., Jiang, H., D’Anniballe, V. M., Pakharukova, N., Galtes, D., Bassford, D. K., Jyothidasan, A., Knowlton, K. U., Gunn, M. D., Lefkowitz, R. J., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00589.2025 · Cited by 5
Estepa, M., Niehues, M. H., Vakhrusheva, O., Haritonow, N., Ladilov, Y. V., Barcena, M. L., & Regitz‐Zagrosek, V. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179666 · Cited by 5
Advanced Cardiac Imaging and Women’s Chest Pain: A Question of Gender
Dell’Aversana, F., Tedeschi, C., Comune, R., Gallo, L., Ferrandino, G., Basco, E., Tamburrini, S., Sica, G., Masala, S. A., Scaglione, M., et al. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13152611 · Cited by 7
Mallabone, M., Labib, D., Abdelhaleem, A., Dykstra, S., Thompson, R. B., Paterson, D. I., Thompson, S. K., Hasanzadeh, F., Mikami, Y., Rivest, S. M., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeae014 · Cited by 5
Sun, J., Yao, J., Olén, O., Halfvarson, J., Bergman, D., Ebrahimi, F., Roelstraete, B., Rosengren, A., Sundström, J., & Ludvigsson, J. F. (2024) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002701 · Cited by 6
Hannemann, A., Ameling, S., Lehnert, K., Dörr, M., Felix, S. B., Nauck, M. A., Al-Noubi, M. N., Schmidt, F., Haas, J., Meder, B., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25136827 · Cited by 4
Talukdar, M., Chmátal, L., Mao, L., Reichart, D., Murashige, D., Skaletsky, H., DeLaughter, D. M., Arany, Z. P., Seidman, J. G., Seidman, C. E., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.124.071973 · Cited by 5
Cau, R., Falconi, G., Suri, J. S., & Saba, L. (2025) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2025.107007 · Cited by 4
Sex differences in left-ventricular strain in a murine model of coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis
Florio, D. N. D., Macomb, L. P., Giresi, P. G., Beetler, D. J., Bonvie-Hill, N. E., Shapiro, K. A., Naser, A.-R. N., Khatib, S., Whelan, E. R., Weigel, G. J., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108493 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSuwalski, P., Wilke, F., Fairweather, D., Landmesser, U., & Heidecker, B. (2024) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100412 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBuresová, M., Pavlíček, J., Hanzlíková, P., Tomášková, H., & Rybníček, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1446602 · Cited by 4
A murine model of Trypanosoma brucei- induced myocarditis and cardiac dysfunction
Crilly, N. P., Zita, M. D., Beaver, A. K., Sysa‐Shah, P., Bhalodia, A., Gabrielson, K. L., Adamo, L., & Mugnier, M. R. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01623-24 · Cited by 5
Donor-dependent heterogeneity in therapeutic effects of adipose tissue extracellular vesicles
Beetler, D. J., Giresi, P. G., Xu, V., McCabe, E. J., Fliess, J. J., Puls, A., Auda, M. E., Watkins, M. M., Walker, S. A., Florio, D. N. D., et al. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02563-8 · Cited by 4
Self-citationGenetic factors contributing to viral myocarditis
Wang, Z. C., Mohamud, Y., & Luo, H. (2026) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00357-25 · Cited by 3
Trends in age and sex-specific dilated cardiomyopathy mortality in Italy, 2005–2017
Zuin, M., Rigatelli, G., Porcari, A., Merlo, M., Bilato, C., Roncon, L., & Sinagra, G. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000001512 · Cited by 3
Sex differences in coronavirus disease 2019 myocarditis
Beetler, D. J., & Fairweather, D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100704 · Cited by 3
Self-citationA descriptive review on the real-world impact of Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 vaccines
Bausch-Jurken, M. T., Dawson, R. S., Ceddia, F., Urdaneta, V., Marks, M. A., & Doi, Y. (2024) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2024.2402955 · Cited by 3
Nakanishi, N., Hara, S., Nagaharu, K., Matsuyama, R., Fujita, S., Nakamori, S., Okamoto, R., Dohi, K., Hiroe, M., Imanaka‐Yoshida, K., et al. (2026) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvag057 · Cited by 4
Ramantauskaitė, G., Mizarienė, V., & Okeke, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14101057 · Cited by 3
Wang, C., Chakraborty, A., Somanader, D. V. N., Nguyen, M., Chen, W., Widdop, R. E., & Samuel, C. S. (2023) · Fibrosis · doi:10.35534/fibrosis.2023.10006 · Cited by 2
Clinical features, myocardial injury and systolic impairment in acute myocarditis
Shyam-Sundar, V., Slabaugh, G., MOHIDDIN, S. A., Petersen, S. E., & Aung, N. (2024) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2024-002901 · Cited by 4
Acute Myocarditis According to Age: Presentation, Management and Early Outcomes
Karsenty, C., Vignaud, P., Brusq, C., Moceri, P., Lim, P., Gerbaud, É., Lairez, O., Lelarge, C., Ovaert, C., Bouleti, C., et al. (2025) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.15304 · Cited by 3
Modeling the interplay of sex hormones in cardiac hypertrophic signaling
Lakshmikanthan, A., Kay, M., & Oomen, P. J. A. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012895 · Cited by 2
Wang, Y., Zang, J., Li, G., Li, Z., Wang, L., & Jiang, J. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd13010014 · Cited by 2
Joachimbauer, A., Cadosch, N., Gil‐Cruz, C., Perez‐Shibayama, C., Frischmann, K., Payne, E., Hanka, I., Maeder, M. T., Rickli, H., Tanner, F. C., et al. (2026) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2025.101458 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Genetic Architecture of Myocarditis and Inherited Cardiomyopathies
Kundur, S. P., Malik, A. H., Mizori, R., & Sivalokanathan, S. (2026) · Cardiogenetics · doi:10.3390/cardiogenetics16010004 · Cited by 2
Nagel, E. C., Carr‐White, G., Rolf, A., Zainal, H. A., Vásquez, M., Zhou, H., Arcari, L., Pathan, F. K., Valbuena, S., Hinojar, R., et al. (2026) · The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-026-03711-y · Cited by 2
Sex and Age Specific Genetic Risk Across the Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Spectrum
Stroeks, S. L. V. M., Bart, N., Rossano, J. W., Claggett, B. L., Beelen, N. J., Buchan, R. J., Day, S. M., Fornaro, A., Halliday, B. P., Wheeler, M. T., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.054 · Cited by 2
Liu, Y. H., Liu, R., Meng, C., Li, J., Yang, K., Zhang, F., Xia, X., Ye, G., & Yuan, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1873905 · Cited by 2
A viral-specific CD4+ T cell response protects female mice from Coxsackievirus B3 infection
Pattnaik, A., Dhalech, A. H., Condotta, S. A., Corn, C., Richer, M. J., Snell, L. M., & Robinson, C. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327384 · Cited by 1
Does female sex matter in a chronic intermittent hypoxia mouse model?
Kindt, N., Thayse, K., Dalil, N., Trelcat, A., & CARLIER, S. G. (2024) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.04.005 · Cited by 1
Midkine Serum Levels in Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Grabmaier, U., Ferraro, B., Lehnert, K., Petersmann, A., Felix, S. B., & Weckbach, L. T. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13020504 · Cited by 1
Investigating pathological features of myocarditis-related sudden cardiac deaths in Egypt
Fnon, N. F., Sharif, A. F., Hassan, H. H., Hafez, A., & Sobh, Z. K. (2025) · Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1186/s41935-025-00451-3 · Cited by 1
Mohamud, Y., Lin, J. F. C., Hwang, S. W., Bahreyni, A., & Luo, H. (2025) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00177-25 · Cited by 1
“Bridging the clinical, molecular and genetic perspectives on myocarditis in post-COVID-19 era”
Birla, S., Angural, A., Madathumchalil, A., Shende, R. V., Shastry, S. V., Shekar, P. K., Mahadevappa, M., Vishwanath, P. M., & Prashant, A. (2026) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2026.200576 · Cited by 1
MyoClass: A modular multimodal auto-classification system for myocardial tissue characterization
Dali, M., Kachouri, R., Benameur, N., Boukriba, S., Arous, Y., & Labidi, S. (2026) · The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-026-03684-y · Cited by 1
Zhao, L., Lou, Y., & Gao, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1623833 · Cited by 1
Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Norway: a nationwide validation study
Hagen, B. S., Vlaisavljevic, K. V. K., Oppedal, L. S., Endresen, J., Mohn, V., Fladseth, K., Lysaker, T. M., Ribe, M. P., Möller, T. F., Hole, T., et al. (2026) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2026-004112 · Cited by 1
Antiviral innate immunity in myocarditis: mechanisms and emerging therapeutics
Hammons, C., Mohanram, A., Nguyen, P. T., Lu, W., Jacobs, B., Li, X. C., Zhang, Z., & Xing, J. (2026) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-026-01822-z · Cited by 2
Moriwaki, K., Kanaoka, K., Onoue, K., Saito, Y., & Dohi, K. (2026) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2026-328039 · Cited by 1
Yildiz, M., Pico, M. G., Henry, T. D., Bergstedt, S., Stanberry, L. I., Chambers, J., Shah, A., Volpenhein, L., Lantz, R. H., Garberich, R., et al. (2025) · Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1002/ccd.31438 · Cited by 1
Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy: A single-center study
Sachde, R., Gadhvicharan, S., Relwani, M., & Tilara, M. (2025) · Heart India · doi:10.4103/heartindia.heartindia_85_24 · Cited by 1
Sanchis, P. G., Gil-Llopis, C., Mateos, A. H., Martínez, J. G., Talavera, E. G., Martín, G. G., Rodríguez, A. C., Llabata, V. M., Torres, I. R., & Serral, A. V. (2025) · REC CardioClinics · doi:10.1016/j.rccl.2025.09.001 · Cited by 1
Cytokines as Potential Novel Therapeutic Targets in Severe Inflammatory CardiomyopathyPreprint
Suwalski, P., Golpour, A., Weiner, J. M., Musigk, N., Balzer, F., Giesa, N., Amr, A., Trebing, J., Sedaghat‐Hamedani, F., Meder, B., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.23293253 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDDX3X-mediated translation of structured cardiac mRNAs is essential for female heart developmentPreprint
Mason, K. K., Park, S. K., Emerson, J. I., Lu, Y. W., Wang, D.-Z., Marzluff, W. F., & Conlon, F. L. (2026) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.353320.125 · Cited by 1
Focal myocarditis, an unusual imitator: Case report and short literature review
Jovanovic, N., & Jovanovic, N. (2023) · Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo · doi:10.2298/sarh221014067j
Zhou, J., Dimmock, E. W., Cottrill, E., & Ng, H. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Cases · doi:10.7326/aimcc.2023.0544
Dilated cardiomyopathy in a green-winged saltator (Saltator similis)
Duarte, J. L. C., dos Santos, W. M., Filho, H. S. D. O., Paranhos, G. F., Pereira, H. C. C., & de Araújo, J. L. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v17i1p46-50
Etiopathogenetic factors of infective endocarditis in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery
Soltani, S. E., & Yarema, N. Z. (2024) · The Ukrainian Journal of Clinical Surgery · doi:10.26779/2786-832x.2023.6.14
The effects of conditional loss of myosin binding protein H-like on cardiac functionPreprint
Burnham, H. V., Peña, A., Gandhi, S., Fritzmann, G. E., & Barefield, D. Y. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617136
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS WITH MITRAL VALVE INVOLVEMENT
Soltani, S. E., & Krikunov, A. A. (2024) · Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії · doi:10.31718/2077-1096.24.3.46
Metadata
- Authors
- Fairweather, D., Beetler, D. J., Musigk, N., Heidecker, B., Lyle, M. A., Cooper, L. T., & Bruno, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Fairweather, DeLisa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-03-02
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1129348-1129348
- ISSN
- 2297-055X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10017519
- OpenAlex
- W4322773336
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 333
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 19
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 HL164520, R21 AI145356, R21 AI152318, R21 AI154927, TL1 TR002380, R21 AI163302, R01 HL135165)
- American Heart Association (20TPA35490415)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, gender differences, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, sex ratio, postmenopausal women, heart failure biomarkers, soluble ST2, Toll-like receptor signaling, cardiac remodeling, heart failure treatment, personalized medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
