Risk factors of chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetic patients with longer duration of diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the major cause of end stage renal disease, characterized by proteinuria with a subsequent decline in glomerular filtration rate. Although hyperglycemia is the major risk factor for the development and progression of kidney disease among diabetic patients, many other risk factors also contribute to structural and functional changes in the kidneys. As recommended by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), CKD classification based on cause and severity, links to risk of adverse outcomes including mortality and kidney outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the involvement of risk factors associated with the severity of CKD among participants with longer duration of diabetes. This study also aims to find whether number of risk factors vary among risk of CKD progression categories based on KDIGO classification. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study retrospectively selected 424 participants from type 2 diabetic cohort and categorized them based on the classifications for the diagnosis of kidney diseases in patients with diabetes, according to the KDIGO guidelines. Odds ratios and 95% CI of each risk factors according to severity of renal disease were determined. Results: Based on KDIGO classification, participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were categorized in to low risk (n=174); moderately increased risk (n=98); and high/very high risk (n=152). Type 2 diabetic participants with risk factors such as, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, DM duration ≥15 years and diabetic retinopathy showed a high/very high risk of CKD progression when compared with low-risk category. While T2D participants with risk factors such as, lack of exercise, hypertension, and diabetic retinopathy showed a moderately increased risk of CKD progression. In addition, participants with highest number of risk factors were significantly distributed among high/very high risk of CKD progression category. Conclusion: This study findings conclude that patients with T2DM and duration of ≥15 years, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetic retinopathy have an increased prevalence of advanced CKD. In addition to this, increased number of risk factors could be an indicator of the severity of CKD in T2D.
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Longer duration of T2DM significantly escalates the risk of DKD.
“Extensive research indicates that a longer duration of T2DM significantly escalates the risk of DKD, a phenomenon that is intrinsically linked to the chronic renal damage induced by sustained hyperglycemia (83, 84).”
From Machine learning-based risk predictive models for diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
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- Authors
- Siddiqui, K., George, T. P., Joy, S. S., & Alfadda, A. A.
- Affiliations
- King Saud University (SA)
- King Saud Medical City (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Siddiqui, Khalid
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-12-09
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1079725-1079725
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9780388
- OpenAlex
- W4311947323
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 7.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- King Saud University
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
- National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation
- College of Medicine, King Saud University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, diabetes duration, risk factors, KDIGO classification, chronic kidney disease progression, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, physical activity, hyperglycemia, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Hypertension, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
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