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Rapid evolution of silver nanoparticle resistance in Escherichia coli

Graves, Joseph L., Tajkarimi, Mehrdad, Cunningham, Quincy, Campbell, Adero, Nonga, Herve, Harrison, Scott H., Barrick, Jeffrey E.·2015·Frontiers in Genetics
DOI 10.3389/fgene.2015.00042PMC PMC4330922
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Figure 1 Evolutionary history of control and treatment populations used in this study.
Figure 1 Evolutionary history of control and treatment populations used in this study.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Optical density measurement of population growth is shown for controls (red circles) and treatment (blue squares) cocktail at generation 162 for 0 μg/L (solid line) and 250 μg/L (250,000 ng/L, dashed line) citrate-coated AgNPs. Controls show slightly more rapid growth in the absence of AgNPs, at 250 μg/L controls show no growth and treatment growth is delayed by 12 h before exponential growth begins. Neither group showed any growth at higher concentrations (500, 1000 μg/L; 500,000 ng/L, 1,000,000 ng/L.).
Figure 2 Optical density measurement of population growth is shown for controls (red circles) and treatment (blue squares) cocktail at generation 162 for 0 μg/L (solid line) and 250 μg/L (250,000 ng/L, dashed line) citrate-coated AgNPs. Controls show slightly more rapid growth in the absence of AgNPs, at 250 μg/L controls show no growth and treatment growth is delayed by 12 h before exponential growth begins. Neither group showed any growth at higher concentrations (500, 1000 μg/L; 500,000 ng/L, 1,000,000 ng/L.).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3A Population growth over 24 h is shown for control (red circles) and treatment (blue squares) cocktails in response to varying concentrations of 10 nm citrate-coated NPs at generation 250. The growth of the controls and treatment populations in 0 μg/L AgNPs corresponded to 2 log10 population increase. At 250 μg/L both populations show a lag in growth (exponential phases starting at ~6 h) and at 24 h the treatment populations are showing superior growth relative to the control (that shows decrease from hour 12 to 24.).
Figure 3A Population growth over 24 h is shown for control (red circles) and treatment (blue squares) cocktails in response to varying concentrations of 10 nm citrate-coated NPs at generation 250. The growth of the controls and treatment populations in 0 μg/L AgNPs corresponded to 2 log10 population increase. At 250 μg/L both populations show a lag in growth (exponential phases starting at ~6 h) and at 24 h the treatment populations are showing superior growth relative to the control (that shows decrease from hour 12 to 24.).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3B Population growth over 24 h is shown for control (red circles) and treatment (blue squares) cocktails in response to varying concentrations of 10 nm citrate-coated NPs at generation 250. There is no detectable growth of the control cocktail at both concentrations of 500 and 750 μg/L (500,000 ng/L and 750,000 ng/L) AgNPs. At 500 μg/L the treatment cocktail does not show an exponential growth phase until after 6 h. At 750 μg/L AgNPs the treatment cocktail does now show an exponential phase until after 12 h and at 24 h has reached an optical density of 0.360 (~>1.5 log10 increase).
Figure 3B Population growth over 24 h is shown for control (red circles) and treatment (blue squares) cocktails in response to varying concentrations of 10 nm citrate-coated NPs at generation 250. There is no detectable growth of the control cocktail at both concentrations of 500 and 750 μg/L (500,000 ng/L and 750,000 ng/L) AgNPs. At 500 μg/L the treatment cocktail does not show an exponential growth phase until after 6 h. At 750 μg/L AgNPs the treatment cocktail does now show an exponential phase until after 12 h and at 24 h has reached an optical density of 0.360 (~>1.5 log10 increase).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4A Population growth over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of AgNO3 at generation 250. The growth of the controls and treatment populations in 0 μg/L AgNO3 corresponded to 2 log10 population increase. At 250 μg/L the treatment cocktail does not show an exponential phase until after 3 h, but grows to almost a 2log10 increase. At this concentration control cocktail does not show an exponential phase until after 6 h and only shows a 1log10 increase.
Figure 4A Population growth over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of AgNO3 at generation 250. The growth of the controls and treatment populations in 0 μg/L AgNO3 corresponded to 2 log10 population increase. At 250 μg/L the treatment cocktail does not show an exponential phase until after 3 h, but grows to almost a 2log10 increase. At this concentration control cocktail does not show an exponential phase until after 6 h and only shows a 1log10 increase.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4B Population growth over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of AgNO3 at generation 250. There is no detectable growth of the control cocktail at both concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/L. At 500 μg/L the treatment cocktail does not show an exponential phase until after 12 h, but is depressed in growth relative to the absence of AgNO3 in the medium (Figure 3A). At 1000 μg/L (1,000,000 ng/L) AgNO3 the treatment cocktail does now show an exponential phase until after 12 h and at 24 h is about 1log10 increase.
Figure 4B Population growth over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of AgNO3 at generation 250. There is no detectable growth of the control cocktail at both concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/L. At 500 μg/L the treatment cocktail does not show an exponential phase until after 12 h, but is depressed in growth relative to the absence of AgNO3 in the medium (Figure 3A). At 1000 μg/L (1,000,000 ng/L) AgNO3 the treatment cocktail does now show an exponential phase until after 12 h and at 24 h is about 1log10 increase.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5A Population growth measured by colony forming units over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of 10 nm AgNPs at generation 250. Both cocktails increased by 2.4 log10 in the absence of AgNPs. There is no detectable difference in growth of the control and treatment cocktails at 100 μg/L. However at 250, 500, and 1000 μg/L the treatment cocktail shows superior growth. At 500 μg/L the treatment cocktail is still growing while the control has shown −1.9 log10 decrease, at 1000 μg/L both have decreased with the treatment cocktail showing less reduction.
Figure 5A Population growth measured by colony forming units over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of 10 nm AgNPs at generation 250. Both cocktails increased by 2.4 log10 in the absence of AgNPs. There is no detectable difference in growth of the control and treatment cocktails at 100 μg/L. However at 250, 500, and 1000 μg/L the treatment cocktail shows superior growth. At 500 μg/L the treatment cocktail is still growing while the control has shown −1.9 log10 decrease, at 1000 μg/L both have decreased with the treatment cocktail showing less reduction.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5B Population growth measured by colony forming units over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of AgNO3 at generation 250. Both cocktails increased by 2.4 log10 in the absence of AgNO3. The treatment shows positive growth exceeding the control cocktail by ~2 log10 units at 100 μg/L. However both cocktails show decrease at 250, 500, and 1000 μg/L with the treatment cocktail showing less reduction at all concentrations.
Figure 5B Population growth measured by colony forming units over 24 h is shown for control and treatment cocktails in response to varying concentrations of AgNO3 at generation 250. Both cocktails increased by 2.4 log10 in the absence of AgNO3. The treatment shows positive growth exceeding the control cocktail by ~2 log10 units at 100 μg/L. However both cocktails show decrease at 250, 500, and 1000 μg/L with the treatment cocktail showing less reduction at all concentrations.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Graves, J. L., Tajkarimi, M., Cunningham, Q., Campbell, A., Nonga, H., Harrison, S. H., & Barrick, J. E.
Venue
Frontiers in Genetics
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2015-02-17
Volume
6
ISSN
1664-8021
DOI
10.3389/fgene.2015.00042
PMC
PMC4330922
Cited by
250
References
1

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