Bacterial silver resistance: molecular biology and uses and misuses of silver compounds
Open accessAbstract
Resistance to silver compounds as determined by bacterial plasmids and genes has been defined by molecular genetics. Silver resistance conferred by the Salmonella plasmid pMGH100 involves nine genes in three transcription units. A sensor/responder (SilRS) two-component transcriptional regulatory system governs synthesis of a periplasmic Ag(I)-binding protein (SilE) and two efflux pumps (a P-type ATPase (SilP) plus a three-protein chemiosmotic RND Ag(I)/H+ exchange system (SilCBA)). The same genes were identified on five of 19 additional IncH incompatibility class plasmids but thus far not on other plasmids. Of 70 random enteric isolates from a local hospital, isolates from catheters and other Ag-exposed sites, and total genomes of enteric bacteria, 10 have recognizable sil genes. The centrally located six genes are found and functional in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12, and also occur on the genome of E. coli O157:H7. The use of molecular epidemiological tools will establish the range and diversity of such resistance systems in clinical and non-clinical sources. Silver compounds are used widely as effective antimicrobial agents to combat pathogens (bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic microorganisms) in the clinic and for public health hygiene. Silver cations (Ag+) are microcidal at low concentrations and used to treat burns, wounds and ulcers. Ag is used to coat catheters to retard microbial biofilm development. Ag is used in hygiene products including face creams, "alternative medicine" health supplements, supermarket products for washing vegetables, and water filtration cartridges. Ag is generally without adverse effects for humans, and argyria (irreversible discoloration of the skin resulting from subepithelial silver deposits) is rare and mostly of cosmetic concern.
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- Authors
- Silver, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Silver, Simon
- ORCID
- Silver, Simon
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 341-353
- ISSN
- 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6976
- OpenAlex
- W2025934004
- Cited by
- 1,312
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Institutes of Health (5r21de014777-02)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE 14777)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- silver resistance, silver compounds, bacterial plasmids, enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli, catheter-related infection, antimicrobial use, argyria, catheter coatings, biofilm inhibition, hygiene products, molecular epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Escherichia coli, Genes, Bacterial, Models, Biological, Models, Genetic, Plasmids, Salmonella, Silver, Silver Sulfadiazine, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Silver Compounds, Drug Resistance, Bacterial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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