Enhancement of the stability and cytotoxicity of berberine by liposomal nanocarriers for gastric cancer treatment and its application in gummy candy
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Berberine (BER), an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from the plant Berberis Vulgaris, is traditionally used to treat different types of disorders, such as cancer. However, its therapeutic application is limited due to poor solubility and low bioavailability. So, the main objective of the present work was to synthesize BER-loaded liposomes to enhance the solubility of BER. BER-loaded liposomes were synthesized using the thin-film hydration method. Methods: The prepared liposomes were characterized for size, surface charge, in vitro release, and cytotoxicity. Then, the synthesized nano-liposomes were used to enrich gummy candies, and physicochemical properties such as water activity (aw), instrumental texture, and sensory perception of the products were tested. Results and Discussion: The cell viability assay was performed on MKN-45P gastric cancer cell lines, and the results revealed that BER-loaded liposome had better cytotoxicity on MKN-45P cells than free BER. The IC50 values were calculated to be 66.72 µg/mL and 52.58 µg/mL for free BER and BER-loaded liposomes, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significant anticancer effect of BER-loaded liposomes compared to free BER. These findings indicate that encapsulating BER preserves its antioxidant activity and enhances its bioavailability.
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The MTT assay assesses mitochondrial activity to indicate cell viability.
“Cytotoxic potential of the extracts was evaluated using the MTT assay, which measures mitochondrial activity as an indicator of cell viability (Abolhasanzadeh et al., 2024;Adeniyi-Akee et al., 2025;Ali et al., 2026;Zohmachhuana et al., 2022).”
From PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTS FROM RIPE BANANA (MUSA PARADISIACA L.) PEEL (2026) · cites this paper as Abolhasanzadeh et al., 2024
The Materials and methods section (page unavailable) uses the MTT assay to assess MKN-45 cell viability and describes measuring formazan absorbance. It does not state that the assay measures mitochondrial activity, so that part of the attributed explanation is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Abolhasanzadeh, N., Dehghan, G., & Abbaspour-Ravasjani, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Tabriz (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Dehghan, Gholamreza
- ORCID
- Dehghan, Gholamreza
- Venue
- Frontiers in Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2024-08-29
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 1387343-1387343
- ISSN
- 2813-1169 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12952299
- OpenAlex
- W4402020824
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Berberine and alkaloids research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- berberine, liposomes, gastric cancer, cytotoxicity, bioavailability enhancement, solubility, gummy candy, anticancer activity, Berberis vulgaris, nanoencapsulation
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