The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Innate Immune Programing by Endotoxin and Its Pathological Consequences
Open accessAbstract
Monocytes and macrophages play pivotal roles in inflammation and homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that dynamic programing of macrophages and monocytes may give rise to distinct "memory" states. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical pattern recognition molecule, dynamically programs innate immune responses. Emerging studies have revealed complex dynamics of cellular responses to LPS, with high doses causing acute, resolving inflammation, while lower doses are associated with low-grade and chronic non-resolving inflammation. These phenomena hint at dynamic complexities of intra-cellular signaling circuits downstream of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this review, we examine pathological effects of varying LPS doses with respect to the dynamics of innate immune responses and key molecular regulatory circuits responsible for these effects.
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“Endotoxin causes inflammatory activation mainly via activating TLR4 (with co-receptor MD2) on the cell surface, resulting in NF-κB transcriptional activation of hundreds of inflammatory genes, including pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and pro-IL-1β [4, 17, 18].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Chronic low doses of endotoxin can either promote low-grade inflammation, tolerance or resolution, depending on other factors [17].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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1 retracted
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Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 117 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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- Ogden, 2007, Obesity Among Adults in the United States – No Change Since 2003–2004. NCHS Data Brief
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression
Venet, F., & Monneret, G. (2017) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.165 · Cited by 1,029
New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function
Ginhoux, F., Schultze, J. L., Murray, P. J., Ochando, J., & Biswas, S. K. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3324 · Cited by 858
Broad defects in the energy metabolism of leukocytes underlie immunoparalysis in sepsis
Cheng, S.-C., Scicluna, B. P., Arts, R. J. W., Gresnigt, M. S., Lachmandas, E., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Kox, M., Manjeri, G. R., Wagenaars, J. A. L., Cremer, O. L., et al. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3398 · Cited by 637
An Inflammation-Centric View of Neurological Disease: Beyond the Neuron
Skaper, S. D., Facci, L., Zusso, M., & Giusti, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00072 · Cited by 477
The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration
Brown, G. C. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1564-7 · Cited by 457
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M. C., Gilliam, E. A., & Li, L.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Liwu
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-01-06
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 680-680
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4285116
- OpenAlex
- W1994176403
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 28
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL115835)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, innate immunity, monocytes, macrophages, macrophage polarization, TLR4, low-grade inflammation, acute inflammation
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