Prolactin and autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
The great asymmetry of autoimmune diseases between genders represents one of the most enigmatic observations among the mosaic of autoimmunity. Sex hormones are believed to play a crucial role on this dimorphism. The higher prevalence of autoimmunity among women at childbearing ages, disease onset/relapses during pregnancy, and post-partum are some of the arguments that support this hypothesis. Certainly, motherhood represents one of the most remarkable challenges for the immune system, which not only has to allow for the conceptus, but also has to deal with complex endocrine alterations. Hormonal homeostasis is known to exert a crucial influence in achieving a competent and healthy immune system. Prolactin (PRL) has a bioactive function acting as a hormone and a cytokine. It interferes with immune system modulation, mainly inhibiting the negative selection of autoreactive B lymphocytes. Likewise, hyperprolactinemia has been described in relation to the pathogenesis and activity of several autoimmune disorders. Dopamine is an effective inhibitor of PRL secretion due to either a direct influence on the hypophysis or stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus, arousing the release of the PRL inhibitory factor. Hence, dopamine agonists have proven to offer clinical benefits among autoimmune patients and represent a promising therapy to be explored. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the link between PRL, autoimmune diseases, and motherhood.
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PRL secretion can be regulated inter alia by cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-6.
“may be explained by the fact that PRL secretion can be regulated inter alia by cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-6 [22].”
From Diagnostic Significance of Selected Serum Inflammatory Markers in Women with Advanced Endometriosis (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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- [41]Matera L Buttiglieri S Moro F Geuna M Effect of prolactin on natural killer and MHC-restricted cytotoxic cells. In: Matera L Rapaport R, editors. NeuroImmune Biology. (Vol. 2), London: Elsevier (2002). p. 205– 18.
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Diagnostic Significance of Selected Serum Inflammatory Markers in Women with Advanced Endometriosis
Kokot, I., Piwowar, A., Jędryka, M., Sołkiewicz, K., & Kratz, E. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052295 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The significant positive correlations between PRL concentrations and the concentrations of inflammatory parameters, IL-1β, IL-6, hs-CRP and CA 125 observed in this study may be explained by the fact that PRL secretion can be regulated inter alia by cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-6 [22].”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Borba, V. V., Zandman-Goddard, G., & Shoenfeld, Y.
- Affiliations
- Sheba Medical Center (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Shoenfeld, Yehuda
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-02-12
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 73-73
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5816039
- OpenAlex
- W2792841423
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 182
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- prolactin, autoimmunity, sex differences in autoimmunity, hyperprolactinemia, pregnancy, postpartum period, motherhood, dopamine agonists, dopamine, hormonal regulation of immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoantibodies, Autoimmune Diseases, Female, Humans, Hyperprolactinemia, Pregnancy, Prolactin, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Autoimmunity, Cytokines
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