Cited by 96Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis ResearchDrug-Induced Adverse ReactionsEosinophilic Esophagitis

Food-Induced Anaphylaxis: Role of Hidden Allergens and Cofactors

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Skypala, Isabel J.·2019·Frontiers in Immunology

Abstract

Food anaphylaxis is on the increase, with those who have an allergy to peanuts, tree nuts, milk, and seafood at the highest risk of developing such a reaction. However, the diet in many societies is increasingly varied, much of the food consumed is prepared outside the home, and meals are often composed of many different ingredients. Anaphylaxis may occur to a composite food, and it may be unclear whether the reaction is due to contamination or to a culprit allergen present in an added ingredient. Composite foods can contain many allergic proteins present in small amounts, which do not always have to be labeled, unless they feature in European or US labeling regulations. These "hidden" allergens include mustard, celery, spices, lupine, pea, natural food colourings, and preservatives, but can occasionally include allergenic material from contaminants such as cereal mites. Hidden allergens can provoke severe reactions to seemingly unconnected foods which might then lead to a diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis. The same problem can arise with two well-known types of food allergy; wheat-dependant exercise induced anaphylaxis and allergy to non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein allergens, both of which might only manifest when linked to a cofactor such as exercise. Many of these risk factors for food anaphylaxis have a common link; the public's engagement with popular concepts of health and fitness. This includes the development of a food and exercise culture involving the promotion and marketing of foods for their health-giving properties i.e., meat substitutes, wheat substitutes, supplements and alternative, or "natural" remedies for common ailments. Some of these foods have been reported as the cause of severe allergic reactions, but because they are often viewed as benign unlikely causes of severe allergic reactions, could be considered to be hidden allergens. The best resource to elicit the likelihood of a hidden allergen provoking an allergic reaction is to take a detailed history of the allergic reaction, presence of co-factors, foods suspected, type of food and where it was consumed. A good knowledge of commonly used ingredients, and list of potential hidden allergen suspects are essential tools for the food allergy detective.

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  • While pea proteins are not required to be identified as a potential allergen on food labels in the U.S. or Canada, some have taken notice of pea as a "hidden allergen".

    “While pea proteins are not required to be identified as a potential allergen on food labels in the U.S. or Canada, some have taken notice of pea as a “hidden allergen” [192].”

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  1. [35]Tripathi DM Kumar S Gupta A Mehta N A Prospective Study of Mustard Allergy in Allergic Rhinitis Cases. Available online at: http://www.bhj.org.in/journal/2001_4302_apr01/org_261.htm (accessed October 24, 2018).

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Authors
Skypala, I. J.
Affiliations
Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author
Skypala, Isabel J.
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2019-04-03
Volume
10
Pages
673-673
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2923849668
Cited by
96
References
125
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Keywords
food-induced anaphylaxis, hidden allergens, food allergens, composite foods, food contamination, food labeling, idiopathic anaphylaxis, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, alternative food sources, health food marketing
MeSH terms
Allergens, Anaphylaxis, Food Hypersensitivity, Humans

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