The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 128 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design
Open accessAbstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine that has the ability to induce non-specific cross-protection against pathogens that might be unrelated to the target disease. Vaccination with BCG reduces mortality in newborns and induces an improved innate immune response against microorganisms other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Innate immune cells, including monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to this unspecific immune protection in a way that is independent of memory T or B cells. This phenomenon associated to a memory-like response in innate immune cells is known as “trained immunity”. Epigenetic reprogramming through histone modification in the regulatory elements of particular genes has been reported as one of the mechanisms associated to the induction of trained immunity in both, humans and mice. Indeed, it has been shown that BCG vaccination induces changes in the methylation pattern of histones associated to specific genes in circulating monocytes leading to a "trained" state. Importantly, these modifications can lead to the expression and/or repression of genes that are related to increased protection against secondary infections after vaccination, with improved pathogen recognition and faster inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss the BCG-induced cross-protection and acquisition of trained immunity and potential heterologous effects of recombinant BCG vaccines.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Chromatin modifications and their function
Kouzarides, T. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.005 · Cited by 10,883
Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy
Binnewies, M., Roberts, E. W., Kersten, K., Chan, V., Fearon, D. F., Merad, M., Coussens, L. M., Gabrilovich, D. I., Ostrand-Rosenberg, S., Hedrick, C. C., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x · Cited by 6,145
Shi, T., McAllister, D. A., O'Brien, K. L., Simoes, E. A. F., Madhi, S. A., Gessner, B. D., Polack, F. P., Balsells, E., Acacio, S., Aguayo, C., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30938-8 · Cited by 2,371
mTOR- and HIF-1α–mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity
Cheng, S.-C., Quintin, J., Cramer, R. A., Shepardson, K. M., Saeed, S., Kumar, V., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Martens, J. H. A., Rao, N. A., Aghajanirefah, A., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1250684 · Cited by 2,224
Efficacy of BCG Vaccine in the Prevention of Tuberculosis: Meta-analysis of the Published Literature
Colditz, G. A. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510330076038 · Cited by 1,918
Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity
Saeed, S., Quintin, J., Kerstens, H. H. D., Rao, N. A., Aghajanirefah, A., Matarese, F., Cheng, S.-C., Ratter, J., Berentsen, K., van der Ent, M. A., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1251086 · Cited by 1,761 · cited 1×
“Interestingly, several reports have shown that there is some degree of protection induced by WT-BCG vaccination against other pathogens (95, 96, 106, 112, 132).”
BackgroundKleinnijenhuis, J., Quintin, J., Preijers, F., Joosten, L. A. B., Ifrim, D. C., Saeed, S., Jacobs, C., van Loenhout, J., de Jong, D., Stunnenberg, H. G., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202870109 · Cited by 1,728 · cited 7×
“These epigenetic modifications upregulated the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs), namely TLRs, C-type lectins receptors, NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-helicases that specifically recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and modulated the accessibility of transcription factors to proinf…”
BackgroundInfluentialTrained Immunity: A Memory for Innate Host Defense
Netea, M. G., Quintin, J., & van der Meer, J. W. M. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.006 · Cited by 1,682
New use of BCG for recombinant vaccines
Stover, C. K., de la Cruz, V. F., Fuerst, T. R., Burlein, J. E., Benson, L. A., Bennett, L. T., Bansal, G. P., Young, J. F., Lee, M. H., Hatfull, G. F., et al. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/351456a0 · Cited by 1,490
Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity
Fine, P. E. M. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92348-9 · Cited by 1,380
Metadata
- Authors
- Covián, C., Fernández-Fierro, A., Retamal-Díaz, A., Díaz, F. E., Vasquez, A. E., Lay, M. K., Riedel, C. A., González, P. A., Bueno, S. M., & Kalergis, A. M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-11-29
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 2806-2806
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2990092235
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 128
- FWCI
- 15.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02806
- The paper
- Covián, C., Fernández-Fierro, A., Retamal-Díaz, A., Díaz, F. E., Vasquez, A. E., Lay, M. K., Riedel, C. A., González, P. A., Bueno, S. M., & Kalergis, A. M. (2019). BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02806
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
