Hydrogenotrophic microbial reduction of oxyanions with the membrane biofilm reactor
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A hydrogen (H2)-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) can reduce nitrate, selenate, selenite, and sulfate, which are in wastewaters from coal mining and combustion.
“A hydrogen (H2)-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) can be used to reduce electron acceptors such as nitrate (NO3−), selenate (SeO42−), selenite (HSeO3−), and sulfate (SO42−), which are in wastewaters from coal mining and combustion (Zhou et al. 2019).”
From Microbial ecology of nitrate-, selenate-, selenite-, and sulfate-reducing bacteria in a H2-driven bioprocess (2024) · cites this paper as Zhou et al. 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 82
- Ahmed T. Semmens M. J. Voss M. A. (2004). Oxygen transfer characteristics of hollow-fiber, composite membranes. Adv. Environ. Res. 8, 637– 646. 10.1016/S1093-0191(03)00036-4 · DOI
- Badziong W. Thauer R. K. Zeikus J. G. (1978). Isolation and characterization of Desulfovibrio growing on hydrogen plus sulfate as the sole energy source. Arch. Microbiol. 116, 41– 49. 10.1007/BF00408732 623496 · DOI
- Chaplin B. P. Reinhard M. Schneider W. F. Schüth C. Shapley J. R. Strathmann T. J.. (2012). Critical review of Pd-based catalytic treatment of priority contaminants in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 3655– 3670. 10.1021/es204087q 22369144 · DOI
- Chatterjee A. Mitra P. Mukhopadhyay A. K. (1999). Chemically deposited zinc oxide thin film gas sensor. J. Mat. Sci. 34, 4225– 4231. 10.1023/A:1004694501646 · DOI
- Chaudhuri S. K. O'Connor S. M. Gustavson R. L. Achenbach L. A. Coates J. D. (2002). Environmental factors that control microbial perchlorate reduction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 4425– 4430. 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4425-4430.2002 12200296 PMC124121 · DOI
- Chung J. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2007a). Bioreduction of trichloroethene using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 477– 483. 10.1021/es702422d 18284150 · DOI
- Chung J. Nerenberg R. Rittmann B. E. (2006a). Bio-reduction of soluble chromate using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Water Res. 40, 1634– 1642. 10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.049 16564559 · DOI
- Chung J. Nerenberg R. Rittmann B. E. (2006b). Bioreduction of selenate using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 1664– 1671. 10.1021/es051251g 16568785 · DOI
- Chung J. Nerenberg R. Rittmann B. E. (2007b). Evaluation for biological reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in brine water using the hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. J. Environ. Eng. 133, 157– 164. 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2007)133:2(157) · DOI
- Chung J. Rittmann B. E. (2008). Simultaneous bio-reduction of trichloroethene, trichloroethane, and chloroform using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Water Sci. Technol. 58, 495– 501. 10.2166/wst.2008.432 18725714 · DOI
- Chung J. Rittmann B. E. Wright W. F. Bowman R. H. (2007c). Simultaneous bio-reduction of nitrate, perchlorate, selenate, chromate, arsenate, and dibromochloropropane using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Biodegradation 18, 199– 209. 10.1007/s10532-006-9055-9 16821105 · DOI
- Chung J. Ryu H. D. Abbaszadegan M. Rittmann B. E. (2006c). Community structure and function in a H2-based membrane biofilm reactor capable of bioreduction of selenate and chromate. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72, 1330– 1339. 10.1007/s00253-006-0439-x 16673108 · DOI
- Cumberland S. Strouse G. (2002). Analysis of the nature of oxyanion adsorption on gold nanomaterial surfaces. Langmuir 18, 269– 276. 10.1021/la011278n · DOI
- Cunningham A. B. Characklis W. G. Abedeen F. Crawford D. (1991). Influence of biofilm accumulation on porous media hydrodynamics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1305– 1311. 10.1021/es00019a013 · DOI
- Di Capua F. Papirio S. Lens P. N. Esposito G. (2015). Chemolithotrophic denitrification in biofilm reactors. Chem. Eng. J. 280, 643– 657. 10.1016/j.cej.2015.05.131 · DOI
- Epsztein R. Beliavski M. Tarre S. Green M. (2016). High-rate hydrogenotrophic denitrification in a pressurized reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 286, 578– 584. 10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.004 · DOI
- Giblin T. Frankenberger W. (2001). Perchlorate and nitrate reductase activity in the perchlorate-respiring bacterium perclace. Microbiol. Res. 156, 311– 315. 10.1078/0944-5013-00111 11770848 · DOI
- He J. Ritalahti K. M. Yang K.-L. Koenigsberg S. S. Löffler F. E. (2003). Detoxification of vinyl chloride to ethene coupled to growth of an anaerobic bacterium. Nature 424, 62– 65. 10.1038/nature01717 12840758 · DOI
- Heinekey D. M. (2009). Hydrogenase enzymes: recent structural studies and active site models. J. Organometal. Chem. 694, 2671– 2680. 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.03.047 · DOI
- Hiemstra T. Van Riemsdijk W. (1999). Surface structural ion adsorption modeling of competitive binding of oxyanions by metal (hydr) oxides. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 210, 182– 193. 10.1006/jcis.1998.5904 9924122 · DOI
- Karanasios K. Vasiliadou I. Pavlou S. Vayenas D. (2010). Hydrogenotrophic denitrification of potable water: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 180, 20– 37. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.090 20471745 · DOI
- Kengen S. W. Rikken G. B. Hagen W. R. Van Ginkel C. G. Stams A. J. (1999). Purification and characterization of (per) chlorate reductase from the chlorate-respiring strain GR-1. J. Bacteriol. 181, 6706– 6711. 10542172 PMC94135
- Kimbrough D. E. Parekh P. (2007). Occurrence and co-occurrence of perchlorate and nitrate in California drinking water sources. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 99, 126– 132. 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb08034.x · DOI
- Kløve B. (2001). Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loads in peat mining wastewater. Water Res. 35, 2353– 2362. 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00531-5 11394768 · DOI
- Kubas G. J. (2007). Fundamentals of H2 binding and reactivity on transition metals underlying hydrogenase function and H2 production and storage. Chem. Rev. 107, 4152– 4205. 10.1021/cr050197j 17927158 · DOI
- Kumar E. Bhatnagar A. Hogland W. Marques M. Sillanpää M. (2014). Interaction of inorganic anions with iron-mineral adsorbents in aqueous media—a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 203, 11– 21. 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.026 24246164 · DOI
- Lai C. Y. Yang X. E. Tang Y. N. Rittmann B. E. Zhao H. P. (2014). Nitrate shaped the selenate-reducing microbial community in a hydrogen-based biofilm reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 3395– 3402. 10.1021/es4053939 24579788 · DOI
- Lai C.-Y. Zhong L. Zhang Y. Chen J.-X. Wen L.-L. Shi L.-D.. (2016). Bioreduction of chromate in a methane-based membrane biofilm reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 5832– 5839. 10.1021/acs.est.5b06177 27161770 · DOI
- Laspidou C. S. Rittmann B. E. (2004). Evaluating trends in biofilm density using the UMCCA model. Water Res. 38, 3362– 3372. 10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.051 15276753 · DOI
- Lee K. C. Rittmann B. E. (2002). Applying a novel autohydrogenotrophic hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor for denitrification of drinking water. Water Res. 36, 2040– 2052. 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00425-0 12092579 · DOI
- Lee K. C. Rittmann B. E. (2003). Effects of pH and precipitation on autohydrogenotrophic denitrification using the hollow-fiber membrane-biofilm reactor. Water Res. 37, 1551– 1556. 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00519-5 12600383 · DOI
- Leonard A. Lauwerys R. (1980). Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium. Mutat. Res. Rev. Genet. Toxicol. 76, 227– 239. 10.1016/0165-1110(80)90018-4 7010127 · DOI
- Liu Y. Sun J. Peng L. Wang D. Dai X. Ni B.-J. (2016). Assessment of heterotrophic growth supported by soluble microbial products in anammox biofilm using multidimensional modeling. Sci. Rep. 6: 27576. 10.1038/srep27576 27273460 PMC4895179 · DOI
- Long M. Ilhan Z. E. Xia S. Zhou C. Rittmann B. E. (2018). Complete dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). Water Res. 144, 134– 144. 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.071 30025265 · DOI
- Long M. Zhou C. Xia S. Guadiea A. (2017). Concomitant Cr(VI) reduction and Cr(III) precipitation with nitrate in a methane/oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 315, 58– 66. 10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.018 · DOI
- Lubitz W. Ogata H. Rüdiger O. Reijerse E. (2014). Hydrogenases. Chem. Rev. 114, 4081– 4148. 10.1021/cr4005814 24655035 · DOI
- Lv P.-L. Zhong L. Dong Q.-Y. Yang S.-L. Shen W.-W. Zhu Q.-S.. (2017). The effect of electron competition on chromate reduction using methane as electron donor. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 6609– 6618. 10.1007/s11356-017-0937-7 29255986 · DOI
- Madigan M. T. Martinko J. M. Bender K. S. Buckley D. H. Stahl D. A. (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education.
- Martin K. J. Nerenberg R. (2012). The membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) for water and wastewater treatment: principles, applications, and recent developments. Bioresour. Technol. 122, 83– 94. 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.110 22541953 · DOI
- Martin K. J. Picioreanu C. Nerenberg R. (2015). Assessing microbial competition in a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) using multidimensional modeling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112, 1843– 1853. 10.1002/bit.25607 25854894 · DOI
- Maymó-Gatell X. Chien Y. Gossett J. M. Zinder S. H. (1997). Isolation of a bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to ethene. Science 276, 1568– 1571. 10.1126/science.276.5318.1568 9171062 · DOI
- Morita R. (1999). Is H2 the universal energy source for long-term survival? Microb. Ecol. 38, 307– 320. 10.1007/s002489901002 10758178 · DOI
- Moura I. Bursakov S. Costa C. Moura J. J. (1997). Nitrate and nitrite utilization in sulfate-reducing bacteria. Anaerobe 3, 279– 290. 10.1006/anae.1997.0093 16887602 · DOI
- Nerenberg R. (2016). The membrane-biofilm reactor (MBfR) as a counter-diffusional biofilm process. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 38, 131– 136. 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.01.015 26874609 · DOI
- Nerenberg R. Kawagoshi Y. Rittmann B. E. (2008). Microbial ecology of a perchlorate-reducing, hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor reducing perchlorate in the presence of nitrate or oxygen. Water Res. 42, 1151– 1159. 10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.033 17915282 · DOI
- Nerenberg R. Rittmann B. E. Najm I. (2002). Perchlorate reduction in a hydrogen-based membrane-biofilm reactor. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 94, 103– 114. 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb10234.x · DOI
- Noguera D. R. Brusseau G. A. Rittmann B. E. Stahl D. A. (1998). A unified model describing the role of hydrogen in the growth of Desulfovibrio vulgaris under different environmental conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 59, 732– 746. 10099394
- Okeke B. C. Giblin T. Frankenberger Jr W. T. (2002). Reduction of perchlorate and nitrate by salt tolerant bacteria. Environ. Pollut. 118, 357– 363. 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00288-3 12009133 · DOI
- Ontiveros-Valencia A. Penton C. R. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2016). Hydrogen-fed biofilm reactors reducing selenate and sulfate: community structure and capture of elemental selenium within the biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 113, 1736– 1744. 10.1002/bit.25945 26804665 · DOI
- Ontiveros-Valencia A. Tang Y. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2013). Perchlorate reduction from a highly contaminated groundwater in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a hydrogen-fed biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 110, 3139– 3147. 10.1002/bit.24987 23797735 · DOI
- Ontiveros-Valencia A. Tang Y. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2014a). Managing the interactions between sulfate-and perchlorate-reducing bacteria when using hydrogen-fed biofilms to treat a groundwater with a high perchlorate concentration. Water Res. 55, 215– 224. 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.020 24607522 · DOI
- Ontiveros-Valencia A. Tang Y. Zhao H. P. Friese D. Overstreet R. Smith J.. (2014b). Pyrosequencing analysis yields comprehensive assessment of microbial communities in pilot-scale two-stage membrane biofilm reactors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 7511– 7518. 10.1021/es5012466 24917125 · DOI
- Ontiveros-Valencia A. Zhou C. Ilhan Z. E. de Saint Cyr L. C. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2017). Total electron acceptor loading and composition affect hexavalent uranium reduction and microbial community structure in a membrane biofilm reactor. Water Res. 125, 341– 349. 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.060 28881210 · DOI
- Peak D. (2006). Adsorption mechanisms of selenium oxyanions at the aluminum oxide/water interface. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 303, 337– 345. 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.08.014 16949599 · DOI
- Perez-Calleja P. Aybar M. Picioreanu C. Esteban-Garcia A. L. Martin K. J. Nerenberg R. (2017). Periodic venting of MABR lumen allows high removal rates and high gas-transfer efficiencies. Water Res. 121, 349– 360. 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.042 28575700 · DOI
- Rezania B. Oleszkiewicz J. Cicek N. (2007). Hydrogen-dependent denitrification of water in an anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactor coupled with a novel hydrogen delivery system. Water Res. 41, 1074– 1080. 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.016 17207833 · DOI
- Rittman B. E. (1982). The effect of shear stress on biofilm loss rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 24, 501– 506. 10.1002/bit.260240219 18546318 · DOI · Paper page
- Rittmann B. E. (2018). Biofilms, active substrata, and me. Water Res. 132, 135– 145. 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.043 29324293 · DOI
- Rittmann B. E. McCarty P. L. (2001). Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
- Schjølberg I. Hulteberg C. Yasuda I. Nelsson C. (2012). Small scale reformers for on-site hydrogen supply. Energy Proc. 29, 559– 566. 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.09.065 · DOI
- Sedláček V. Kučera I. (2010). Chromate reductase activity of the Paracoccusdenitrificans ferric reductase B (FerB) protein and its physiological relevance. Arch. Microbiol. 192, 919– 926. 10.1007/s00203-010-0622-4 20821194 · DOI
- Tang Y. Ontiveros-Valencia A. Feng L. Zhou C. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2013). A biofilm model to understand the onset of sulfate reduction in denitrifying membrane biofilm reactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 110, 763– 772. 10.1002/bit.24755 23055395 · DOI
- Tang Y. Zhao H. Marcus A. K. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2012a). A steady-state biofilm model for simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate, part 1: model development and numerical solution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 1598– 1607. 10.1021/es203129s 22191376 · DOI
- Tang Y. Zhao H. Marcus A. K. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2012b). A steady-state biofilm model for simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate, part 2: parameter optimization and results and discussion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 1608– 1615. 10.1021/es203130r 22191805 · DOI
- Tang Y. Zhou C. Ziv-El M. Rittmann B. E. (2011). A pH-control model for heterotrophic and hydrogen-based autotrophic denitrification. Water Res. 45, 232– 240. 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.049 20705316 · DOI
- Tang Y. Ziv-El M. Zhou C. Shin J. H. Ahn C. H. Meyer K. (2010). Bioreduction of nitrate in groundwater using a pilot-scale hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 4, 280– 285. 10.1007/s11783-010-0235-9 · DOI
- Twidwell L. McCloskey J. Miranda P. Gale M. (1999). “Technologies and potential technologies for removing selenium from process and mine wastewater,” in Proceedings of the Recycling, Waste, Treatment and Clean Technology (REWAS) (San Sebastian).
- USEPA (2012). 2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
- Van Ginkel S. W. Ahn C. H. Badruzzaman M. Roberts D. J. Lehman S. G. Adham S. S.. (2008). Kinetics of nitrate and perchlorate reduction in ion-exchange brine using the membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). Water Res. 42, 4197– 4205. 10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.012 18722637 · DOI
- Van Ginkel S. W. Yang Z. Kim B. O. Sholin M. Rittmann B. E. (2011a). Effect of pH on nitrate and selenate reduction in flue gas desulfurization brine using the H2-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). Water Sci. Technol. 63, 2923– 2928. 10.2166/wst.2011.438 22049720 · DOI
- Van Ginkel S. W. Yang Z. Kim B. O. Sholin M. Rittmann B. E. (2011b). The removal of selenate to low ppb levels from flue gas desulfurization brine using the H2-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). Bioresour. Technol. 102, 6360– 6364. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.010 21454073 · DOI
- Van Ginkel S. W. Zhou C. Lien M. Rittmann B. E. (2010). Hydrogen-based nitrate and selenate bioreductions in flue-gas desulfurization brine. J. Environ. Eng. 137, 63– 68. 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000288 · DOI
- Vignais P. M. Billoud B. Meyer J. (2001). Classification and phylogeny of hydrogenases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25, 455– 501. 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00587.x 11524134 · DOI
- Yin Y. B. Guo S. Heck K. N. Clark C. A. Coonrod C. L. Wong M. S. (2018). Treating water by degrading oxyanions using metallic nanostructures. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 11160– 11175. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02070 · DOI
- Zhao H.-P. Ilhan Z. E. Ontiveros-Valencia A. Tang Y. Rittmann B. E. Krajmalnik-Brown R. (2013a). Effects of multiple electron acceptors on microbial interactions in a hydrogen-based biofilm. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 7396– 7403. 10.1021/es401310j 23721373 · DOI
- Zhao H.-P. Ontiveros-Valencia A. Tang Y. Kim B. O. Ilhan Z. E. Krajmalnik-Brown R.. (2013b). Using a two-stage hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) to achieve complete perchlorate reduction in the presence of nitrate and sulfate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 1565– 1572. 10.1021/es303823n 23298383 · DOI
- Zhao H. P. Van Ginkel S. Tang Y. N. Kang D. W. Rittmann B. Krajmalnik-Brown R. (2011). Interactions between perchlorate and nitrate reductions in the biofilm of a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 10155– 10162. 10.1021/es202569b 22017212 · DOI
- Zhong L. Lai C.-Y. Shi L.-D. Wang K.-D. Dai Y.-J. Liu Y.-W.. (2017). Nitrate effects on chromate reduction in a methane-based biofilm. Water Res. 115, 130– 137. 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.003 28273443 · DOI
- Zhou C. Ontiveros-Valencia A. de Saint Cyr L. C. Zevin A. S. Carey S. E. Krajmalnik-Brown R. (2014). Uranium removal and microbial community in a H 2-based membrane biofilm reactor. Water Res. 64, 255– 264. 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.013 25073000 · DOI
- Zhou C. Ontiveros-Valencia A. Wang Z. Maldonado J. Zhao H.-P. Krajmalnik-Brown R.. (2016). Palladium recovery in a H2-based membrane biofilm reactor: formation of Pd(0) nanoparticles through enzymatic and autocatalytic reductions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 2546– 2555. 10.1021/acs.est.5b05318 26883809 · DOI
- Ziv-El M. Popat S. C. Cai K. Halden R. U. Krajmalnik-Brown R. Rittmann B. E. (2012). Managing methanogens and homoacetogens to promote reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene with direct delivery of H2 in a membrane biofilm reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109, 2200– 2210. 10.1002/bit.24487 22392141 · DOI
- Ziv-El M. C. Rittmann B. E. (2009). Systematic evaluation of nitrate and perchlorate bioreduction kinetics in groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Water Res. 43, 173– 181. 10.1016/j.watres.2008.09.035 18951606 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Boltz, J. P., & Rittmann, B. E. (2024) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiae125 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Zhou, C., Ontiveros-Valencia, A., Nerenberg, R., Tang, Y., Friese, D., Krajmalnik-Brown, R., & Rittmann, B. E.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-01-10
- Volume
- 9
- ISSN
- 1664-302X
- PMC
- PMC6335333
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 0
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review