Fungal toxins and host immune responses
Open accessAbstract
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms that thrive in diverse natural environments including soils, plants, animals, and the human body. In response to warmth, humidity, and moisture, certain fungi which grow on crops and harvested foodstuffs can produce mycotoxins; secondary metabolites which when ingested have a deleterious impact on health. Ongoing research indicates that some mycotoxins and, more recently, peptide toxins are also produced during active fungal infection in humans and experimental models. A combination of innate and adaptive immune recognition allows the host to eliminate invading pathogens from the body. However, imbalances in immune homeostasis often facilitate microbial infection. Despite the wide-ranging effects of fungal toxins on health, our understanding of toxin-mediated modulation of immune responses is incomplete. This review will explore the current understanding of fungal toxins and how they contribute to the modulation of host immunity.
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Self-treatment with antifungals may make it more difficult for the healthcare provider to visualize yeast on microscopy, especially when vaginal products have been used.
“In addition, self-treatment with antifungals may make it more difficult for the healthcare provider to visualize yeast on microscopy, especially when vaginal products have been used (Brown et al., 2021).”
From Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: Narrative review of the literature and European expert panel opinion (2022) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Brown, R., Priest, E., Naglik, J. R., & Richardson, J. P.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Richardson, Jonathan P.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-04-13
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 643639-643639
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8076518
- OpenAlex
- W3154096085
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- mycotoxins, host immune response, immunomodulation, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immune homeostasis, fungal infection, peptide toxins, secondary metabolites, foodborne mycotoxins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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