Cited by 8Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in InsectsSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchPoxvirus research and outbreaks

Advancements in the application and research of baculovirus vector vaccines for respiratory diseases in human

Open access
Yuan, Jinghua, Chen, Jingyu, Zhao, Qingzhi, Xu, Jialu, Li, Xianwei, Zhang, Yijie, Li, Hairun, Chen, Xintong +4 more·2025·Frontiers in Microbiology

Abstract

The rapid spread of respiratory diseases, such as influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), poses significant challenges to global public health systems. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy to mitigate these threats. Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems (BEVS) have emerged as a promising platform for vaccine development, addressing key limitations of traditional methods, including complex production processes, lengthy timelines, and high costs. BEVS offers distinct advantages, such as enhanced efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and scalability for large-scale manufacturing. This review highlights the application of BEVS in combating respiratory diseases by analyzing preclinical studies, clinical trials, and approved vaccines targeting these pathogens. It also examines recent advancements in BEVS technology, emphasizing its capacity to accelerate vaccine development and respond to emerging respiratory threats. By focusing on the synergy between BEVS and respiratory disease prevention, this review provides valuable insights to guide global vaccine innovation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1558482

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Insect cells power baculovirus expression systems.

    “Murine hybridoma libraries provide monoclonal antibodies, insect cells power baculovirus expression systems, and plant protoplasts allow for CRISPR screens in agriculture [71,72,73].”
  • Plant protoplasts allow for CRISPR screens in agriculture.

    “Murine hybridoma libraries provide monoclonal antibodies, insect cells power baculovirus expression systems, and plant protoplasts allow for CRISPR screens in agriculture [71,72,73].”

    From Genetic Insights into the Economic Toll of Cell Line Misidentification: A Comprehensive Review (2026) · cites this paper as [72]

    The Introduction section on baculovirus expression vector systems describes protein production using insect cells, supporting a different clause of the citing sentence. Searches for plant protoplasts and agricultural CRISPR screens found no passage in our copy addressing the quoted claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Murine hybridoma libraries provide monoclonal antibodies.

    “Murine hybridoma libraries provide monoclonal antibodies, insect cells power baculovirus expression systems, and plant protoplasts allow for CRISPR screens in agriculture [71,72,73].”

    From Genetic Insights into the Economic Toll of Cell Line Misidentification: A Comprehensive Review (2026) · cites this paper as [72]

    The Introduction section on baculovirus expression vector systems describes insect cells producing recombinant proteins, which supports a different clause of the citing sentence. The MERS preclinical investigations section discusses antibodies in vaccinated mice, but neither it nor passages retrieved for “murine hybridoma libraries” and “hybridoma monoclonal antibody production” addresses the quoted claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 116

  1. Ahi Y. S. Bangari D. S. Mittal S. K. (2011). Adenoviral vector immunity: its implications and circumvention strategies. Curr. Gene Ther. 11, 307– 320. doi: 10.2174/156652311796150372, PMID: 21453277 PMC4009923 · DOI
  2. Ahrens U. Kaden V. Drexler C. Visser N. (2000). Efficacy of the classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine Porcilis® Pesti in pregnant sows. Vet. Microbiol. 77, 83– 97. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00265-0, PMID: 11042402 · DOI
  3. Alexander J. Bilsel P. del Guercio M.-F. Stewart S. Marinkovic-Petrovic A. Southwood S.. (2010). Universal influenza DNA vaccine encoding conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes protects against lethal viral challenge in HLA-DR transgenic mice. Vaccine 28, 664– 672. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.103, PMID: 19895924 PMC3364000 · DOI
  4. Alsaadi E. Alghezi D. Jones I. (2023). Expression and purification of MERS-CoV envelope protein, an essential viroporin, using the baculovirus expression system. Iranian J. Microbiol. 15: 121. doi: 10.18502/ijm.v15i1.11926, PMID: 37069902 PMC10105271 · DOI
  5. Appledorn D. M. Patial S. McBride A. Godbehere S. Van Rooijen N. Parameswaran N.. (2008). Adenovirus vector-induced innate inflammatory mediators, MAPK signaling, as well as adaptive immune responses are dependent upon both TLR2 and TLR9 in vivo. J. Immunol. 181, 2134– 2144. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2134, PMID: 18641352 · DOI
  6. Arevalo C. P. Bolton M. J. Le Sage V. Ye N. Furey C. Muramatsu H.. (2022). A multivalent nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against all known influenza virus subtypes. Science 378, 899– 904. doi: 10.1126/science.abm0271, PMID: 36423275 PMC10790309 · DOI
  7. Arunachalam A. B. Post P. Rudin D. (2021). Unique features of a recombinant haemagglutinin influenza vaccine that influence vaccine performance. NPJ Vaccines. 6: 403. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00403-7, PMID: 34857771 PMC8640007 · DOI
  8. Bahl K. Senn J. J. Yuzhakov O. Bulychev A. Brito L. A. Hassett K. J.. (2017). Preclinical and clinical demonstration of immunogenicity by mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses. Mol. Ther. 25, 1316– 1327. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.035, PMID: 28457665 PMC5475249 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Banik G. Khandaker G. Rashid H. (2015). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus “MERS-CoV”: current knowledge gaps. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 16, 197– 202. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.04.002, PMID: 26002405 PMC7106011 · DOI
  10. Blanco J. C. Boukhvalova M. S. Pletneva L. M. Shirey K. A. Vogel S. N. (2014). A recombinant anchorless respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein/monophosphoryl lipid a (MPL) vaccine protects against RSV-induced replication and lung pathology. Vaccine 32, 1495– 1500. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.032, PMID: 24252693 PMC3947896 · DOI
  11. Chen M.-W. Cheng T.-J. R. Huang Y. Jan J.-T. Ma S.-H. Yu A. L.. (2008). A consensus-hemagglutinin-based DNA vaccine that protects mice against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 13538– 13543. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806901105, PMID: 18765801 PMC2533225 · DOI
  12. Chen C.-Y. Liu H.-J. Tsai C.-P. Chung C.-Y. Shih Y.-S. Chang P.-C.. (2010). Baculovirus as an avian influenza vaccine vector: differential immune responses elicited by different vector forms. Vaccine 28, 7644– 7651. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.048, PMID: 20883735 · DOI
  13. Chen W.-S. Villaflores O. B. Jinn T.-R. Chan M.-T. Chang Y.-C. Wu T.-Y. (2011). Expression of recombinant human interferon-γ with antiviral activity in the bi-cistronic baculovirus-insect/larval system. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 75, 1342– 1348. doi: 10.1271/bbb.110107, PMID: 21737931 · DOI
  14. Chen C. Y. Wu H. H. Chen C. P. Chern S. R. Hwang S. M. Huang S. F.. (2011). Biosafety assessment of human mesenchymal stem cells engineered by hybrid baculovirus vectors. Mol. Pharm. 8, 1505– 1514. doi: 10.1021/mp100368d, PMID: 21197956 · DOI
  15. Cho H. Jang Y. Park K.-H. Choi H. Nowakowska A. Lee H.-J.. (2021). Human endogenous retrovirus-enveloped baculoviral DNA vaccines against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. NPJ Vaccines. 6: 303. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00303-w, PMID: 33741992 PMC7979866 · DOI
  16. Clements M. L. Murphy B. R. (1986). Development and persistence of local and systemic antibody responses in adults given live attenuated or inactivated influenza a virus vaccine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23, 66– 72. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.1.66-72.1986, PMID: 3700610 PMC268574 · DOI
  17. Coleman C. M. Liu Y. V. Mu H. Taylor J. K. Massare M. Flyer D. C.. (2014). Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine 32, 3169– 3174. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.016, PMID: 24736006 PMC4058772 · DOI
  18. Colosia A. D. Yang J. Hillson E. Mauskopf J. Copley-Merriman C. Shinde V.. (2017). The epidemiology of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus in older adults in the United States: a systematic review. PLoS One 12: e0182321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182321, PMID: 28797053 PMC5552193 · DOI
  19. Contreras-Gómez A. Sánchez-Mirón A. García-Camacho F. Molina-Grima E. Chisti Y. (2014). Protein production using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. Biotechnol. Prog. 30, 1– 18. doi: 10.1002/btpr.1842 24265112 · DOI
  20. Cox M. M. Patriarca P. A. Treanor J. (2008). FluBlok, a recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 2, 211– 219. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00053.x, PMID: 19453397 PMC4634115 · DOI
  21. DeDiego M. L. Alvarez E. Almazán F. MaT R. Lamirande E. Roberts A.. (2007). A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 81, 1701– 1713. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01467-06, PMID: 17108030 PMC1797558 · DOI
  22. Drugmand J.-C. Schneider Y.-J. Agathos S. N. (2012). Insect cells as factories for biomanufacturing. Biotechnol. Adv. 30, 1140– 1157. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.014, PMID: 21983546 · DOI
  23. Dunkle L. M. Izikson R. Patriarca P. Goldenthal K. L. Muse D. Callahan J.. (2017a). Efficacy of recombinant influenza vaccine in adults 50 years of age or older. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 2427– 2436. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1608862 28636855 · DOI
  24. Dunkle L. M. Izikson R. Patriarca P. A. Goldenthal K. L. Muse D. Cox M. M. J. (2017b). Randomized comparison of immunogenicity and safety of Quadrivalent recombinant versus inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults 18-49 years of age. J. Infect. Dis. 216, 1219– 1226. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix478, PMID: 28968871 · DOI
  25. Durous L. Rosa-Calatrava M. Petiot E. (2019). Advances in influenza virus-like particles bioprocesses. Expert Rev. Vaccines 18, 1285– 1300. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1704262, PMID: 31829068 · DOI
  26. Felberbaum R. S. (2015). The baculovirus expression vector system: a commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Biotechnol. J. 10, 702– 714. doi: 10.1002/biot.201400438, PMID: 25800821 PMC7159335 · DOI
  27. Ferrelli M. L. Salvador R. (2023). Effects of mixed Baculovirus infections in biological control: a comprehensive historical and technical analysis. Viruses 15: 1838. doi: 10.3390/v15091838, PMID: 37766245 PMC10534452 · DOI
  28. Fraaij P. L. A. Heikkinen T. (2011). Seasonal influenza: the burden of disease in children. Vaccine 29, 7524– 7528. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.010, PMID: 21820476 · DOI
  29. Fries L. Shinde V. Stoddard J. J. Thomas D. N. Kpamegan E. Lu H.. (2017). Immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein (RSV F) nanoparticle vaccine in older adults. Immun. Ageing 14, 1– 14. doi: 10.1186/s12979-017-0090-7, PMID: 28413427 PMC5389002 · DOI
  30. Fujita R. Hino M. Ebihara T. Nagasato T. Masuda A. Lee J. M.. (2020). Efficient production of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the baculovirus-silkworm system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 529, 257– 262. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.020, PMID: 32703420 PMC7280120 · DOI
  31. Gao R. Cao B. Hu Y. Feng Z. Wang D. Hu W.. (2013). Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza a (H7N9) virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 1888– 1897. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1304459, PMID: 23577628 · DOI
  32. Gao J. Lu G. Qi J. Li Y. Wu Y. Deng Y.. (2013). Structure of the fusion core and inhibition of fusion by a heptad repeat peptide derived from the S protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol. 87, 13134– 13140. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02433-13, PMID: 24067982 PMC3838252 · DOI
  33. Ghebrehewet S. MacPherson P. Ho A. (2016). Influenza. BMJ 355: i6258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6258 27927672 PMC5141587 · DOI
  34. Glenn G. M. Smith G. Fries L. Raghunandan R. Lu H. Zhou B.. (2013). Safety and immunogenicity of a Sf9 insect cell-derived respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein nanoparticle vaccine. Vaccine 31, 524– 532. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.009, PMID: 23153449 · DOI
  35. Guebre-Xabier M. Patel N. Tian J.-H. Zhou B. Maciejewski S. Lam K.. (2020). NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Vaccine 38, 7892– 7896. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.064, PMID: 33139139 PMC7584426 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Gupta K. Tölzer C. Sari-Ak D. Fitzgerald D. J. Schaffitzel C. Berger I. (2019). MultiBac: Baculovirus-mediated multigene DNA cargo delivery in insect and mammalian cells. Viruses 11: 30198. doi: 10.3390/v11030198, PMID: 30813511 PMC6466381 · DOI
  37. Guzman Ruiz L. Zollner A. M. Hoxie I. Arcalis E. Krammer F. Klausberger M.. (2024). Increased efficacy of influenza virus vaccine candidate through display of recombinant neuraminidase on virus like particles. Front. Immunol. 15: 1425842. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425842, PMID: 38915410 PMC11194364 · DOI
  38. Hall C. B. Weinberg G. A. Iwane M. K. Blumkin A. K. Edwards K. M. Staat M. A.. (2009). The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 588– 598. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804877, PMID: 19196675 PMC4829966 · DOI
  39. Havers F. P. Whitaker M. Pham H. Anglin O. Milucky J. Patel K.. (2022). RSV-associated hospitalizations in adults aged ≥18 years and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, October 2018 – February 2022. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9: ofac492-1828. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1828 · DOI
  40. Herzog C. Hartmann K. Künzi V. Kürsteiner O. Mischler R. Lazar H.. (2009). Eleven years of Inflexal V-a virosomal adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Vaccine 27, 4381– 4387. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.029, PMID: 19450630 · DOI
  41. Hofmann C. Sandig V. Jennings G. Rudolph M. Schlag P. Strauss M. (1995). Efficient gene transfer into human hepatocytes by baculovirus vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10099– 10103. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10099, PMID: 7479733 PMC40743 · DOI
  42. Hong Q. Liu J. Wei Y. Wei X. (2023). Application of Baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) in vaccine development. Vaccines 11: 1218. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11071218, PMID: 37515034 PMC10386281 · DOI
  43. Hu J. Zhang Q. Peng P. Li R. Li J. Wang X.. (2022). Baculovirus-derived influenza virus-like particle confers complete protection against lethal H7N9 avian influenza virus challenge in chickens and mice. Vet. Microbiol. 264: 109306. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109306, PMID: 34923247 · DOI
  44. Jamali L. Tofigh R. Tutunchi S. Panahi G. Borhani F. Akhavan S.. (2018). Circulating microRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in gastric and esophageal cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. 233, 8538– 8550. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26850, PMID: 29923196 · DOI
  45. Jares Baglivo S. Polack F. P. (2019). The long road to protect infants against severe RSV lower respiratory tract illness. F1000Res 8: 18749. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.18749.1, PMID: 31105933 PMC6498742 · DOI
  46. Johnson P. R. Collins P. L. (1988). The fusion glycoproteins of human respiratory syncytial virus of subgroups a and B: sequence conservation provides a structural basis for antigenic relatedness. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 2623– 2628. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-10-2623, PMID: 3171553 · DOI
  47. Jung B.-K. An Y. Park J.-E. Chang K.-S. Jang H. (2022). Development of a recombinant vaccine containing a spike S1-fc fusion protein induced protection against MERS-CoV in human DPP4 knockin transgenic mice. J. Virol. Methods 299: 114347. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114347, PMID: 34728273 PMC8556695 · DOI
  48. Kang H.-J. Chu K.-B. Yoon K.-W. Eom G.-D. Mao J. Quan F.-S. (2022). Cross-protection induced by virus-like particles derived from the influenza B virus. Biomedicines. 10: 1618. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10071618, PMID: 35884922 PMC9313027 · DOI
  49. Keshavarz M. Mirzaei H. Salemi M. Momeni F. Mousavi M. J. Sadeghalvad M.. (2019). Influenza vaccine: where are we and where do we go? Rev. Med. Virol. 29: e2014. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2014, PMID: 30408280 · DOI
  50. Khanefard N. Sapavee S. Akeprathumchai S. Mekvichitsaeng P. Poomputsa K. (2022). Production of neuraminidase virus like particles by stably transformed insect cells: a simple process for NA-based influenza vaccine development. Mol. Biotechnol. 64, 1409– 1418. doi: 10.1007/s12033-022-00519-8, PMID: 35704162 PMC9198613 · DOI
  51. Kim Y.-H. Hong K.-J. Kim H. Nam J.-H. (2022). Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future. Rev. Med. Virol. 32: e2243. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2243, PMID: 33949021 PMC8209895 · DOI
  52. Kitts P. A. Ayres M. D. Possee R. D. (1990). Linearization of baculovirus DNA enhances the recovery of recombinant virus expression vectors. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 5667– 5672. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.19.5667, PMID: 2216760 PMC332298 · DOI
  53. Kohlmann R. Schwannecke S. Tippler B. Ternette N. Temchura V. V. Tenbusch M.. (2009). Protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an adenoviral vector vaccine encoding the codon-optimized F protein of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol. 83, 12601– 12610. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01036-09, PMID: 19776123 PMC2786764 · DOI
  54. Kolpe A. B. Kiener T. K. Grotenbreg G. M. Kwang J. (2012). Display of enterovirus 71 VP1 on baculovirus as a type II transmembrane protein elicits protective B and T cell responses in immunized mice. Virus Res. 168, 64– 72. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.014, PMID: 22728446 · DOI
  55. Kovalenko A. Ryabchevskaya E. Evtushenko E. Nikitin N. Karpova O. (2023). Recombinant protein vaccines against human Betacoronaviruses: strategies, approaches and Progress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24: 1701. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021701, PMID: 36675218 PMC9863728 · DOI
  56. Krammer F. Smith G. J. Fouchier R. A. Peiris M. Kedzierska K. Doherty P. C.. (2018). Influenza (primer). Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 4: 3. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y, PMID: 29955068 PMC7097467 · DOI
  57. Lan J. Yao Y. Deng Y. Chen H. Lu G. Wang W.. (2015). Recombinant receptor binding domain protein induces partial protective immunity in Rhesus macaques against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus challenge. EBioMedicine 2, 1438– 1446. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.031, PMID: 26629538 PMC4634622 · DOI
  58. Lee S.-H. Chu K.-B. Kim M.-J. Mao J. Eom G.-D. Yoon K.-W.. (2023). Virus-like particle vaccine expressing the respiratory syncytial virus pre-fusion and G proteins confers protection against RSV challenge infection. Pharmaceutics. 15: 782. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030782, PMID: 36986643 PMC10051362 · DOI
  59. Liu S. Wen Y. Shan X. Ma X. Yang C. Cheng X.. (2024). Charge-assisted stabilization of lipid nanoparticles enables inhaled mRNA delivery for mucosal vaccination. Nat. Commun. 15: 9471. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53914-x, PMID: 39488531 PMC11531489 · DOI
  60. Liu X. Zhao T. Wang L. Yang Z. Luo C. Li M.. (2023). A mosaic influenza virus-like particles vaccine provides broad humoral and cellular immune responses against influenza A viruses. NPJ Vaccines. 8: 132. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00728-5, PMID: 37679361 PMC10485063 · DOI
  61. Loeb M. Russell M. L. Manning V. Fonseca K. Earn D. J. D. Horsman G.. (2016). Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in Hutterite children: a cluster randomized blinded trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 165, 617– 624. doi: 10.7326/M16-0513, PMID: 27538259 · DOI
  62. López-Macías C. Ferat-Osorio E. Tenorio-Calvo A. Isibasi A. Talavera J. Arteaga-Ruiz O.. (2011). Safety and immunogenicity of a virus-like particle pandemic influenza a (H1N1) 2009 vaccine in a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adults in Mexico. Vaccine 29, 7826– 7834. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.099, PMID: 21816199 PMC7126971 · DOI
  63. Loudon P. T. Yager E. J. Lynch D. T. Narendran A. Stagnar C. Franchini A. M.. (2010). GM-CSF increases mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of an H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine administered into the epidermis of non-human primates. PLoS One 5: e11021. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011021, PMID: 20544035 PMC2882341 · DOI
  64. Lu H.-Y. Chen Y.-H. Liu H.-J. (2012). Baculovirus as a vaccine vector. Bioengineered. 3, 271– 274. doi: 10.4161/bioe.20679, PMID: 22705893 PMC3477694 · DOI
  65. Luo J. Qin H. Lei L. Lou W. Li R. Pan Z. (2022). Virus-like particles containing a prefusion-stabilized F protein induce a balanced immune response and confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Front. Immunol. 13: 1054005. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054005, PMID: 36578490 PMC9792133 · DOI
  66. Madhi S. A. Polack F. P. Piedra P. A. Munoz F. M. Trenholme A. A. Simões E. A. F.. (2020). Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy and effects in infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 426– 439. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908380, PMID: 32726529 PMC7299433 · DOI
  67. Mahase E. (2022). Covid-19: Sanofi and GSK to seek regulatory authorisation for protein based vaccine. BMJ 376: o526. doi: 10.1136/bmj.o526, PMID: 35228208 · DOI
  68. Massare M. J. Patel N. Zhou B. Maciejewski S. Flores R. Guebre-Xabier M.. (2021). Combination respiratory vaccine containing recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike and quadrivalent seasonal influenza hemagglutinin nanoparticles with matrix-m adjuvant. bioRxiv. 5: 442782. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.05.442782 · DOI
  69. Mazur N. I. Terstappen J. Baral R. Bardají A. Beutels P. Buchholz U. J.. (2023). Respiratory syncytial virus prevention within reach: the vaccine and monoclonal antibody landscape. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, e2– e21. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00291-2, PMID: 35952703 PMC9896921 · DOI
  70. McLaughlin J. M. Khan F. Begier E. Swerdlow D. L. Jodar L. Falsey A. R. (2022). Rates of medically attended RSV among US adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Open forum. Infect. Dis. 9: ofac300. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac300, PMID: 35873302 PMC9301578 · DOI
  71. McLaughlin J. M. Khan F. Schmitt H.-J. Agosti Y. Jodar L. Simões E. A. F.. (2022). Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization rates among US infants: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 225, 1100– 1111. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa752, PMID: 33346360 PMC8921994 · DOI
  72. Meng F.-Y. Gao F. Jia S.-Y. Wu X.-H. Li J.-X. Guo X.-L.. (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells) in healthy population aged 18 years or older: two single-center, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and phase 2 trials. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 6: 271. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00692-3, PMID: 34267185 PMC8281021 · DOI
  73. Moro P. L. Woo E. J. Marquez P. Cano M. (2020). Monitoring the safety of high-dose, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS), 2011 - 2019. Vaccine 38, 5923– 5926. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.007, PMID: 32709434 · DOI
  74. Mubarak A. Alturaiki W. Hemida M. G. (2019). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): infection, immunological response, and vaccine development. J Immunol Res 2019, 1– 11. doi: 10.1155/2019/6491738, PMID: 31089478 PMC6476043 · DOI
  75. Noad R. Roy P. (2003). Virus-like particles as immunogens. Trends Microbiol. 11, 438– 444. doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00208-7, PMID: 13678860 · DOI
  76. Olmsted R. A. Elango N. Prince G. A. Murphy B. R. Johnson P. R. Moss B.. (1986). Expression of the F glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus by a recombinant vaccinia virus: comparison of the individual contributions of the F and G glycoproteins to host immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83, 7462– 7466. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.19.7462, PMID: 3532115 PMC386738 · DOI
  77. Osterholm M. T. Kelley N. S. Sommer A. Belongia E. A. (2012). Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12, 36– 44. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X, PMID: 22032844 · DOI · Paper page
  78. Pavot V. Berry C. Kishko M. Anosova N. G. Huang D. Tibbitts T.. (2022). Protein-based SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine booster increases cross-neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in non-human primates. Nat. Commun. 13: 1699. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29219-2, PMID: 35361754 PMC8971430 · DOI
  79. Pollard A. J. Bijker E. M. (2021). A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 21: 129. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-00497-5, PMID: 33402728 PMC8095270 · DOI
  80. Rodrigues C. M. C. Plotkin S. A. (2020). Impact of vaccines; health, economic and social perspectives. Front Microbiol. 11: 1526. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526, PMID: 32760367 PMC7371956 · DOI
  81. Rodríguez-Hernández A. P. Martínez-Flores D. Cruz-Reséndiz A. Padilla-Flores T. González-Flores R. Estrada K.. (2023). Baculovirus display of peptides and proteins for medical applications. Viruses 15: 411. doi: 10.3390/v15020411, PMID: 36851625 PMC9962271 · DOI
  82. Rodríguez-Limas W. A. Sekar K. Tyo K. E. (2013). Virus-like particles: the future of microbial factories and cell-free systems as platforms for vaccine development. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 24, 1089– 1093. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.008, PMID: 23481378 PMC7127385 · DOI
  83. Rong R. Li T. Zhang Y. Gu Y. Xia N. Li S. (2019). Progress in vaccine development based on baculovirus expression vector system. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 35, 577– 588. doi: 10.13345/j.cjb.180301, PMID: 31001944 · DOI
  84. Shi T. McAllister D. A. O'Brien K. L. Simoes E. A. F. Madhi S. A. Gessner B. D.. (2017). Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet 390, 946– 958. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8, PMID: 28689664 PMC5592248 · DOI
  85. Singanayagam A. Zambon M. Lalvani A. Barclay W. (2018). Urgent challenges in implementing live attenuated influenza vaccine. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18, e25– e32. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30360-2, PMID: 28780285 · DOI
  86. Smith G. Liu Y. Flyer D. Massare M. J. Zhou B. Patel N.. (2017). Novel hemagglutinin nanoparticle influenza vaccine with matrix-M™ adjuvant induces hemagglutination inhibition, neutralizing, and protective responses in ferrets against homologous and drifted a (H3N2) subtypes. Vaccine 35, 5366– 5372. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.021, PMID: 28844407 · DOI
  87. Smith I. Mc Callum G. J. Sabljic A. V. Marfia J. I. Bombicino S. S. Trabucchi A.. (2021). Rapid and cost-effective process based on insect larvae for scale-up production of SARS-COV-2 spike protein for serological COVID-19 testing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 118, 4129– 4137. doi: 10.1002/bit.27889, PMID: 34264519 PMC8426952 · DOI
  88. Smith G. Raghunandan R. Wu Y. Liu Y. Massare M. Nathan M.. (2012). Respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein expressed in insect cells form protein nanoparticles that induce protective immunity in cotton rats. PLoS One 7: e50852. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050852, PMID: 23226404 PMC3511306 · DOI
  89. Soema P. C. Kompier R. Amorij J.-P. Kersten G. F. A. (2015). Current and next generation influenza vaccines: formulation and production strategies. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 94, 251– 263. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.023, PMID: 26047796 · DOI
  90. Soens M. Ananworanich J. Hicks B. Lucas K. J. Cardona J. Sher L.. (2025). A phase 3 randomized safety and immunogenicity trial of mRNA-1010 seasonal influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine 50: 126847. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126847, PMID: 39919447 · DOI
  91. Song F. Fux R. Provacia L. B. Volz A. Eickmann M. Becker S.. (2013). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara efficiently induces virus-neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 87, 11950– 11954. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01672-13, PMID: 23986586 PMC3807317 · DOI
  92. Sullivan E. Sung P.-Y. Wu W. Berry N. Kempster S. Ferguson D.. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles produced by a single recombinant baculovirus generate anti-S antibody and protect against variant challenge. Viruses 14: 914. doi: 10.3390/v14050914, PMID: 35632656 PMC9143203 · DOI
  93. Sung L.-Y. Chen C.-L. Lin S.-Y. Li K.-C. Yeh C.-L. Chen G.-Y.. (2014). Efficient gene delivery into cell lines and stem cells using baculovirus. Nat. Protoc. 9, 1882– 1899. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2014.130, PMID: 25010908 · DOI
  94. Syed Y. Y. (2023). Respiratory syncytial virus Prefusion F subunit vaccine: first approval of a maternal vaccine to protect infants. Paediatr. Drugs 25, 729– 734. doi: 10.1007/s40272-023-00598-3, PMID: 37831328 · DOI
  95. Tanner A. R. Dorey R. B. Brendish N. J. Clark T. W. (2021). Influenza vaccination: protecting the most vulnerable. Eur. Respir. Rev. 30: 200258. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0258-2020, PMID: 33650528 PMC9488965 · DOI
  96. Tao P. Luo M. Zhu D. Qu S. Yang Z. Gao M.. (2009). Virus-like particle vaccine comprised of the HA, NA, and M1 proteins of an avian isolated H5N1 influenza virus induces protective immunity against homologous and heterologous strains in mice. Viral Immunol. 22, 273– 281. doi: 10.1089/vim.2009.0017, PMID: 19594398 · DOI
  97. Targovnik A. M. Simonin J. A. Mc Callum G. J. Smith I. Cuccovia Warlet F. U. Nugnes M. V.. (2021). Solutions against emerging infectious and noninfectious human diseases through the application of baculovirus technologies. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 105, 8195– 8226. doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11615-1, PMID: 34618205 PMC8495437 · DOI
  98. Underwood E. Dunkle L. M. Madhi S. A. Gay C. L. Heath P. T. Kotloff K. L.. (2023). Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the NVX-CoV2373 vaccine. Expert Rev. Vaccines 22, 501– 517. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2218913, PMID: 37246757 · DOI
  99. Valero-Pacheco N. Pérez-Toledo M. Villasís-Keever M. Á. Núñez-Valencia A. Boscó-Gárate I. Lozano-Dubernard B.. (2016). Antibody persistence in adults two years after vaccination with an H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza virus-like particle vaccine. PLoS One 11: e0150146. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150146, PMID: 26919288 PMC4769292 · DOI
  100. van Oosten L. Altenburg J. J. Fougeroux C. Geertsema C. van den End F. Evers W. A.. (2021). Two-component nanoparticle vaccine displaying glycosylated spike S1 domain induces neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 variants. MBio 12, 1813– 1821. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01813-21, PMID: 34634927 PMC8510518 · DOI
  101. Venkatesan P. (2024). Advances in preventing RSV in children. Lancet Microbe. 5: e421. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00043-0 38437849 · DOI
  102. Venters C. Graham W. Cassidy W. (2004). Recombivax-HB: perspectives past, present and future. Expert Rev. Vaccines 3, 119– 129. doi: 10.1586/14760584.3.2.119, PMID: 15056038 · DOI
  103. Vogel A. B. Lambert L. Kinnear E. Busse D. Erbar S. Reuter K. C.. (2018). Self-amplifying RNA vaccines give equivalent protection against influenza to mRNA vaccines but at much lower doses. Mol. Ther. 26, 446– 455. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017, PMID: 29275847 PMC5835025 · DOI · Paper page
  104. Vollmer J. Krieg A. M. (2009). Immunotherapeutic applications of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonists. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61, 195– 204. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.008, PMID: 19211030 · DOI
  105. Wang L. Shi W. Joyce M. G. Modjarrad K. Zhang Y. Leung K.. (2015). Evaluation of candidate vaccine approaches for MERS-CoV. Nat. Commun. 6: 7712. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8712, PMID: 26218507 PMC4525294 · DOI
  106. Wong S.-S. Webby R. J. (2013). Traditional and new influenza vaccines. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26, 476– 492. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00097-12, PMID: 23824369 PMC3719499 · DOI
  107. Yang D.-G. Chung Y.-C. Lai Y.-K. Lai C.-W. Liu H.-J. Hu Y.-C. (2007). Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin display on baculovirus envelope: cytoplasmic domain affects virus properties and vaccine potential. Mol. Ther. 15, 989– 996. doi: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300131, PMID: 17375072 · DOI
  108. Yang Y.-H. Tai C.-H. Cheng D. Wang Y.-F. Wang J.-R. (2022). Investigation of avian influenza H5N6 virus-like particles as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against H5Nx viruses. Viruses 14: 925. doi: 10.3390/v14050925, PMID: 35632667 PMC9143382 · DOI
  109. Yang J. Wang W. Chen Z. Lu S. Yang F. Bi Z.. (2020). A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity. Nature 586, 572– 577. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2599-8, PMID: 32726802 · DOI
  110. Yoshida S. Araki H. Yokomine T. (2010). Baculovirus-based nasal drop vaccine confers complete protection against malaria by natural boosting of vaccine-induced antibodies in mice. Infect. Immun. 78, 595– 602. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00877-09, PMID: 19901059 PMC2812197 · DOI
  111. Yoshida S. Kondoh D. Arai E. Matsuoka H. Seki C. Tanaka T.. (2003). Baculovirus virions displaying plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein protect mice against malaria sporozoite infection. Virology 316, 161– 170. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.003, PMID: 14599800 · DOI
  112. Yousefi A. Fotouhi F. Hosseinzadeh S. Kheiri M. Farahmand B. Montazeri S.. (2012). Expression of antigenic determinants of the haemagglutinin large subunit of novel influenza virus in insect cells. Folia Biol. 58, 151– 156. doi: 10.14712/fb2012058040151, PMID: 22980506 · DOI
  113. Zhao T. Cai Y. Jiang Y. He X. Wei Y. Yu Y.. (2023). Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8: 283. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7, PMID: 37468460 PMC10356842 · DOI
  114. Zheng Z. Warren J. L. Shapiro E. D. Pitzer V. E. Weinberger D. M. (2022). Estimated incidence of respiratory hospitalizations attributable to RSV infections across age and socioeconomic groups. Pneumonia 14: 6. doi: 10.1186/s41479-022-00098-x, PMID: 36280891 PMC9592130 · DOI
  115. Zhu J. Huang X. Yang Y. (2007). Innate immune response to adenoviral vectors is mediated by both toll-like receptor-dependent and-independent pathways. J. Virol. 81, 3170– 3180. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02192-06, PMID: 17229689 PMC1866082 · DOI
  116. Zulkarnain N. N. Anuar N. Abd Rahman N. Sheikh Abdullah S. R. Alias M. N. Yaacob M.. (2021). Cell-based influenza vaccine: current production, halal status assessment, and recommendations towards Islamic-compliant manufacturing. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 17, 2158– 2168. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1865044, PMID: 33539195 PMC8189117 · DOI

Cited by

Authors
Yuan, J., Chen, J., Zhao, Q., Xu, J., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Chen, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, X., Li, H., & Chen, K.
Affiliations
Zhejiang Shuren University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Li, Hongyu
  • Chen, Keda
Venue
Frontiers in Microbiology
Published
2025-03-13
Volume
16
Pages
1558482-1558482
ISSN
1664-302X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4408417529
Cited by
8
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 2
FWCI
0.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Poxvirus research and outbreaks
Keywords
baculovirus expression system, respiratory diseases, influenza vaccination, COVID-19 vaccines, RSV vaccine, vaccine development, vaccine production, vaccine safety and efficacy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review