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Cited by 373Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchElectromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects

Possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Chervyakov, Alexander V., Chernyavsky, Andrey Yu., Sinitsyn, Dmitry O., Piradov, Michael A.·2015·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00303PMC PMC4468834
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Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective method used to diagnose and treat many neurological disorders. Although repetitive TMS (rTMS) has been used to treat a variety of serious pathological conditions including stroke, depression, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, pain, and migraines, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of long-term TMS remain unclear. In the present review, the effects of rTMS on neurotransmitters and synaptic plasticity are described, including the classic interpretations of TMS effects on synaptic plasticity via long-term potentiation and long-term depression. We also discuss the effects of rTMS on the genetic apparatus of neurons, glial cells, and the prevention of neuronal death. The neurotrophic effects of rTMS on dendritic growth and sprouting and neurotrophic factors are described, including change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration under the influence of rTMS. Also, non-classical effects of TMS related to biophysical effects of magnetic fields are described, including the quantum effects, the magnetic spin effects, genetic magnetoreception, the macromolecular effects of TMS, and the electromagnetic theory of consciousness. Finally, we discuss possible interpretations of TMS effects according to dynamical systems theory. Evidence suggests that a rTMS-induced magnetic field should be considered a separate physical factor that can be impactful at the subatomic level and that rTMS is capable of significantly altering the reactivity of molecules (radicals). It is thought that these factors underlie the therapeutic benefits of therapy with TMS. Future research on these mechanisms will be instrumental to the development of more powerful and reliable TMS treatment protocols.

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  • Non-invasive brain stimulation can be a well-tolerated treatment.

    “While NIBS can be a well-tolerated treatment, its effects appear domain specific and should be applied only for realistic indications (i.e. to induce a small improvement in working memory or attention).”

    From Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: a meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Chervyakov, Chernyavsky, Sinitsyn, & Piradov, 2015

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an effective treatment for several conditions, supporting the treatment aspect of the claim. It does not discuss whether patients tolerate it well, and its discussion concerns TMS rather than non-invasive brain stimulation generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • High tolerability with few side-effects is considered an important advantage over medication and, in the case of transcranial direct current stimulation, has a potential to be applied at home.

    “High tolerability with few side-effects is considered an important advantage over medication and, in the case of tDCS, has a potential to be applied at home (Aleman, Sommer, & Kahn, 2007, 2018; Chervyakov, Chernyavsky, Sinitsyn, & Piradov, 2015; Lage, Wiles, Shergill, & Tracy, 2016; Rossi et al., 2009; Slotema, Aleman, Daskalakis, & Sommer, 2012).”

    From Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: a meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Chervyakov, Chernyavsky, Sinitsyn, & Piradov, 2015

    The Introduction discusses the clinical use and efficacy of rTMS, and the Conclusion describes its stimulation as painless. Neither section addresses high tolerability with few side effects as an advantage over medication or the potential for at-home tDCS use. Searches for tolerability, side effects, medication, and at-home use found no passage supporting those points. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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References 97 · Cited by 373

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Authors
Chervyakov, A. V., Chernyavsky, A. Y., Sinitsyn, D. O., & Piradov, M. A.
Affiliations
  • Research Center of Neurology (RU)
  • Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
Corresponding author
Chervyakov, Alexander V.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2015-06-16
Volume
9
Pages
303-303
ISSN
1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fnhum.2015.00303
PMC
PMC4468834
OpenAlex
W2123112580
Cited by
373
References
97
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 4
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Russian Foundation for Basic Research
  • Lomonosov Moscow State University
  • Russian Academy of Sciences
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
Keywords
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, therapeutic mechanisms, synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, neurotransmitters, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophic factors, dendritic growth, quantum effects, dynamical systems theory, radical reactivity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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