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Cited by 195Memory and Neural MechanismsProtein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

Elk-1 a Transcription Factor with Multiple Facets in the Brain

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Besnard, Antoine, Galan-Rodriguez, Beatriz, Vanhoutte, Peter, Caboche, Jocelyne·2011·Frontiers in Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnins.2011.00035PMC PMC3060702
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Abstract

The ternary complex factor (TCF) Elk-1 is a transcription factor that regulates immediate early gene (IEG) expression via the serum response element (SRE) DNA consensus site. Elk-1 is associated with a dimer of serum response factor (SRF) at the SRE site, and its phosphorylation occurs at specific residues in response to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including c-Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK), p38/MAPK, and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). This phosphorylation event is critical for triggering SRE-dependent transcription. Although MAPKs are fundamental actors for the instatement and maintenance of memory, and much investigation of their downstream signaling partners have been conducted, no data yet clearly implicate Elk-1 in these processes. This is partly due to the complexity of Elk-1 sub-cellular localization, and hence functions, within neurons. Elk-1 is present in its resting state in the cytoplasm, where it colocalizes with mitochondrial proteins or microtubules. In this particular sub-cellular compartment, overexpression of Elk-1 is toxic for neuronal cells. When phosphorylated by the MAPK/ERK, Elk-1 translocates to the nucleus where it is implicated in regulating chromatin remodeling, SRE-dependent transcription, and neuronal differentiation. Another post-translational modification is the conjugation to SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier), which relocalizes Elk-1 in the cytoplasm. Thus, Elk-1 plays a dual role in neuronal functions: pro-apoptotic within the cytoplasm, and pro-differentiation within the nucleus. To address the role of Elk-1 in the brain, one must be aware of its multiple facets, and design molecular tools that will shut down Elk-1 expression, trafficking, or activation, in specific neuronal compartments. We summarize in this review the known molecular functions of Elk-1, its regulation in neuronal cells, and present evidence of its possible implication in model systems of synaptic plasticity, learning, but also in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Besnard, A., Galan-Rodriguez, B., Vanhoutte, P., & Caboche, J.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding author
  • Vanhoutte, Peter
  • Caboche, Jocelyne
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2011
Volume
5
Pages
35-35
ISSN
  • 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
  • 1662-4548
DOI
10.3389/fnins.2011.00035
PMC
PMC3060702
OpenAlex
W1982289936
Cited by
195
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 8
FWCI
6.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche
  • Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
  • Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
Elk-1, ternary complex factor, transcription factors, serum response element, serum response factor, MAPK signaling, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 MAPK, ERK, Elk-1 phosphorylation, SUMOylation, subcellular localization, chromatin remodeling, neuronal differentiation, apoptosis, synaptic plasticity, learning, neurodegenerative diseases, memory

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