Cancer or Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Clinical and Imaging Features in Diagnosis of the Confusing Mass
Open accessAbstract
Confusing masses constitute a challenging clinical problem for differentiating between cancer and tuberculosis diagnoses. This review summarizes the major theories designed to identify factors associated with misdiagnosis, such as imaging features, laboratory tests, and clinical characteristics. Then, the clinical experiences regarding the misdiagnosis of cancer and tuberculosis are summarized. Finally, the main diagnostic points and differential diagnostic criteria are explored, and the characteristics of multimodal imaging and radiomics are summarized.
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Head and neck extrapulmonary tuberculosis is rare.
“Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) of the head and neck is a rare but difficult diagnosis”
From Head and Neck Tuberculosis: A Rare Diagnosis and the Role of Surgical Biopsy and Histopathological Evaluation in Extrapulmonary Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
The Methods table describes glottic tuberculosis as “very rare,” and the “Definitive Diagnoses of Rare Diseases” section explains why rare conditions can be difficult to diagnose. These passages support the point for glottic tuberculosis, but do not establish that head-and-neck extrapulmonary tuberculosis as a whole is rare. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA diagnosis of certainty implies a biopsy of the lesion followed by histopathological examination.
“Given the ease of misdiagnosing TB for carcinoma, a diagnosis of certainty will imply a biopsy of the lesion followed by a histopathological examination [12].”
From Head and Neck Tuberculosis: A Rare Diagnosis and the Role of Surgical Biopsy and Histopathological Evaluation in Extrapulmonary Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
The Conclusions describe excisional biopsy as potentially the best definitive method for confusing masses and histopathological examination as a diagnostic gold standard. The claim is more categorical than the review: it also names tuberculosis cultures as a gold standard, and the Methods report diagnoses confirmed without lesion biopsy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Xiang, Y., Huang, C., He, Y., & Zhang, Q.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Qin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Oncology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-04-28
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 644150-644150
- ISSN
- 2234-943X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8113854
- OpenAlex
- W3159860587
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Keywords
- differential diagnosis, misdiagnosis, lung mass, imaging features, radiomics, multimodal imaging, clinical features, laboratory testing
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