The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immune-mediated hepatitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Current updates and future perspectives
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable achievements. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used successfully in several types of cancer in the past decade. However, expanded indication and increased use of Immune checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in increased reports of toxicity called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Due to the unique immunological characteristics of the liver, a hepatic immune-related adverse events has also been reported, which is usually termed Immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH). So far, it is generally considered that the mechanism of IMH induced by Immune checkpoint inhibitors is mainly the overactivation of T cells. It has been reported that the incidence of IMH ranges from 1% to 15%. Because of the lack of specific markers, a diagnosis of exclusion of IMH is critical. Although most IMH is mild and recoverable, several death cases have been reported, which has been increasingly concerned. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prognosis of IMH caused by Immune checkpoint inhibitors. It also discusses the controversial issues in IMH, such as the role of liver biopsy, grading criteria, risk factors, rational treatment strategies with steroids, and the timing of Immune checkpoint inhibitors rechallenging, which may provide helpful information for IMH in future clinical practice.
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“Immune-mediated liver injury from checkpoint inhibitors (ILICIs) is an increasingly recognized cause of liver injury with an incidence of 5%–10%.41–43”
From The contemporary epidemiology, causes, and management of drug-induced liver injury (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
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Cites
PD-1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Treat Breast Cancer
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“Meanwhile, compared to monotherapy, combined immunotherapy has higher incidence in most of irAEs and more than 60% of patients treated with combined therapy have been reported to occur severe irAEs (Wolchok et al., 2017; Esfahani et al., 2019).”
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2017, Common terminology criteria for adverse events version 5.0
Cited by
New advances in the study of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors-induced liver injury
Yue, M., Li, C., & Li, G. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111799 · Cited by 12
The contemporary epidemiology, causes, and management of drug-induced liver injury
Swanson, L., & Fontana, R. J. (2026) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000001011
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Z., Zhu, Y., Xie, H., & Zou, Z.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-01-09
- Volume
- 13
- ISSN
- 1663-9812
- PMC
- PMC9868416
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 119
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670527)
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