Cited by 52Ginseng Biological Effects and ApplicationsNatural product bioactivities and synthesisTraditional Chinese Medicine Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 130 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Advancements and challenges in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on the traditional Chinese medicine saponins: a comprehensive review

Open access

Ma, Yuhan, Zhao, Yongxia, Luo, Mingxia, Jiang, Qin, Liu, Sha, Jia, Qi, Bai, Zhixun, Wu, Faming, Xie, Jian·2024·Frontiers in Pharmacology

DOI 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393409PMC PMC11106373

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Recent research on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) saponin pharmacokinetics has revealed transformative breakthroughs and challenges. The multicomponent nature of TCM makes it difficult to select representative indicators for pharmacokinetic studies. The clinical application of saponins is limited by their low bioavailability and short half-life, resulting in fluctuating plasma concentrations. Future directions should focus on novel saponin compounds utilizing colon-specific delivery and osmotic pump systems to enhance oral bioavailability. Optimizing drug combinations, such as ginsenosides with aspirin, shows therapeutic potential. Rigorous clinical validation is essential for practical applications. This review emphasizes a transformative era in saponin research, highlighting the need for clinical validation. TCM saponin pharmacokinetics, guided by traditional principles, are in development, utilizing multidisciplinary approaches for a comprehensive understanding. This research provides a theoretical basis for new clinical drugs and supports rational clinical medication.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393409

Cites

130 of 130 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

FIGURE 1 Pharmacological effects of saponins. (A) Anti-inflammatory effect: Saponins modulate immune cells to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1. (B) Antitumor effects: Saponins inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through the activation of caspase-PARP pathways. (C) Antiviral effects: Saponins enhance immune response mediated by T-cells and B-cells, interfere with viral replication and propagation through the modulation of interferon p53 protein and PRb protein, and activate the immune system to augment antiviral efficacy. (D) Immunostimulation: Saponins boost the phagocytic activity of macrophages and promote the upregulation of cytokines and transcription factors associated with Th1 cells, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LPS. (E) Cholesterol reduction: Saponins regulate intracellular cholesterol levels through signaling pathways such as mTORC1 and AMPK. (F) Anti-Alzheimer’s: Saponins target the PPARA receptor, increasing acetylcholine concentrations in synaptic clefts to enhance neuronal signaling, influence the metabolism and aggregation of αβ-amyloid proteins, and reduce plaque formation, thereby slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.CC BY · PubMed Central

FIGURE 2 Pharmacokinetics of Saponins. (A) Absorption: Saponins undergo acid hydrolysis in the stomach, with a fraction directly absorbed in the small intestine, while others are transformed by the intestinal microbiota for absorption. (B) Distribution: Saponins are distributed via the bloodstream to various tissues, predominantly accumulating in organs such as the liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. (C) Metabolism: Saponins undergo Phase I and Phase II metabolic reactions in the liver, some compounds enter the intestines where they are metabolized by intestinal microbiota into more absorbable forms. (D) Excretion: Saponins and their metabolic products are primarily excreted through urine and bile.CC BY · PubMed Central

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom
Vincken, J.-P., Heng, L., de Groot, A., & Gruppen, H. (2007) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008 · Cited by 796
Compromised disease resistance in saponin-deficient plants
Papadopoulou, K. Κ., Melton, R. E., Leggett, M., Daniels, M. J., & Osbourn, A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12923 · Cited by 475
Absorption and Disposition of Ginsenosides after Oral Administration of Panax notoginseng Extract to Rats
Liu, H., Yang, J., Du, F., Gao, X., Ma, X., Huang, Y., Xu, F., Niu, W., Wang, F., Mao, Y., et al. (2009) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.109.029819 · Cited by 362
Astragaloside IV inhibits lung cancer progression and metastasis by modulating macrophage polarization through AMPK signaling
Xu, F., Cui, W.-Q., Wei, Y., Cui, J., Qiu, J., Hu, L.-L., Gong, W.-Y., Dong, J.-C., & Liu, B.-J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-018-0878-0 · Cited by 331
Proof of the Mysterious Efficacy of Ginseng: Basic and Clinical Trials: Metabolic Activation of Ginsenoside: Deglycosylation by Intestinal Bacteria and Esterification With Fatty Acid
Hasegawa, H. (2004) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.fmj04001x4 · Cited by 318
The Bioactivity of Saponins: Triterpenoid and Steroidal Glycosides
Rao, & Gurfinkel (2000) · Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions · doi:10.1515/dmdi.2000.17.1-4.211 · Cited by 274
Perspectives on Saponins: Food Functionality and Applications
Timilsena, Y. P., Phosanam, A., & Stockmann, R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713538 · Cited by 265
Northern Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa): A Potential Candidate for Functional Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Sector
Hossain, A., Dave, D., & Shahidi, F. (2020) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md18050274 · Cited by 181
Traditional Chinese medicine for precancerous lesions of gastric cancer: A review
Xu, W., Li, B., Xu, M., Yang, T., & Hao, X. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112542 · Cited by 180
Multifunctional ginsenoside Rg3-based liposomes for glioma targeting therapy
Zhu, Y., Liang, J., Gao, C., Wang, A., Xia, J., Hong, C., Zhong, Z., Zuo, Z., Kim, J., Ren, H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.036 · Cited by 178

Show all 132 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Chen, 2023, Research progress on the antitumor effect of traditional Chinese medicine saponins, Res. Zhuang Yao Ethn. Med., 50
Jing, 2023, Research on extraction and separation technology of traditional Chinese medicine, Mod. Chem. Res., 175, 10.20087/j.cnki.1672-8114.2023.15.058 · DOI
Wang, Application of physiological pharmacokinetic model in clinical rational drug use, Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 39, 127, 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2023.01.027 · DOI
Wang, 2022, Research progress on the pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine saponins in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Jiangsu J. Traditional Chin. Med., 54, 79, 10.19844/j.cnki.1672-397X.2022.12.025 · DOI
Xu, 2023, Effect and mechanism of astragaloside saponins on different types of breast cancer cells, World Chin. Med., 18, 783, 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2023.06.008 · DOI

Medicinal plants and human health: a comprehensive review of bioactive compounds, therapeutic effects, and applications
Latif, R., & Nawaz, T. (2025) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-025-10194-7 · Cited by 255
Sources, metabolism, health benefits and future development of saponins from plants
Wang, J., Tang, X., Liu, F., Mao, B., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Chen, W., & Cui, S. (2024) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115226 · Cited by 25
Quality and composition control of complex TCM preparations through a novel “Herbs-in vivo Compounds-Targets-Pathways” network methodology: The case of Lianhuaqingwen capsules
Chen, S., Qi, H., Zhu, C., Zhao, Y., Jiao, B., Tan, Y., Yuexin, Y., Wang, T., Hou, Y., Dai, B., et al. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107650 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
TGR5 Activation by Dietary Bioactives and Related Improvement in Mitochondrial Function for Alleviating Diabetes and Associated Complications
He, Q., Li, X., Li, H., Tan, A., Chi, Y., Fang, D., Li, X., Liu, Z., Shang, Q., Zhu, Y. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c10395 · Cited by 14
Comprehensive assessment of antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-glycation properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts from Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves: a potential natural source for managing oxidative stress and diabetes-related complications
Allaoui, H. E., Haboubi, K., Ahmadi, K. E., Bouhrim, M., Elabdouni, A., Eto, B., Shahat, A. A., Herqash, R. N., Bestrioui, M. E., Zouaoui, Z., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1551841 · Cited by 13
Natural products alleviate viral pneumonia by modulating inflammatory and oxidative-stress pathways
Tie, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, T., Meng, T., & Liang, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1657829 · Cited by 14
Saponins as Natural Emulsifiers: Challenges, Regulatory Landscape, and Future in Biomedical and Cosmetic Fields
Díaz-Cruces, E., Tom, T., Gómez‐López, V. M., Negrete-Bolagay, D., Hermoso-Gil, J., Colmenárez, P. J. M., Troconis, J., Toro‐Mendoza, J., Narváez‐Muñoz, C., Zamora-Ledezma, E., et al. (2025) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c04714 · Cited by 8
Solid-state screening and dry powder inhaler development of ziyuglycoside II sodium salt for enhanced bioavailability
Zhang, H., Wang, S., Slimani, S., Lv, Y., Nie, Q., Cao, Z., Yang, S., Bao, H., Wang, C., Chen, X., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125868 · Cited by 8
Advances in Camellia oleifera seed meal Saponins: Extraction, analysis, bioactivity, and application
Zhang, J., Liu, J., Wang, D., Di, S., Zhong, J., Qiu, Y., Zhao, L., Cao, Y., & Qun, W. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145277 · Cited by 8
The Perspectives of Combining Antibiotics with Saponins—Herbal Excipients
Makiej, A., Smułek, W., & Kaczorek, E. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30204102 · Cited by 8
Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization in Diagnosis and Treatment: Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology
Yu, W., Chen, M., Tan, X., Wei, X., Sun, F., Yan, H., Xu, X. J., & Shang, H. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70596 · Cited by 8
Success and Controversy of Natural Products as Therapeutic Modulators of Wnt Signaling and Its Interplay with Oxidative Stress: Comprehensive Review Across Compound Classes and Experimental Systems
Koval, A., Mamadalieva, N. Z., Mamadalieva, R. Z., Jalilov, F. S., & Katanaev, V. L. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14050591 · Cited by 6
Impact of different frying methods on volatile compounds in tofu
Yi, Y., Ping, C., He, L., Zhang, H., Cai, X., Hu, J.-X., & Qiao, M. (2025) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2025.103217 · Cited by 5
Targeting telomere dynamics with plant-derived compounds: Molecular strategies against aging
Akter, R., Bishakha, A. C., Rajib, R., Raj, A., Roja, M. S., & Noor, F. (2025) · Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2025.100238 · Cited by 6
Exploring the potential of saponins from Dicotyledonous plants in sustainable pest management: Innovations and challenges: A review
Hameed, M. S., Urooj, N., Basit, A., Abbas, A. N., & Qasim, M. U. (2025) · Journal of Natural Pesticide Research · doi:10.1016/j.napere.2025.100111 · Cited by 5
Progress on the functions and mechanisms of natural products in anti-glioma therapy
Li, Y., Qu, S., Zuo, J., Long, H., Cao, F., & Jiang, F. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(25)60815-6 · Cited by 4
Advancing traditional Chinese medicine for sepsis—challenges beyond clinical evidence
Huang, W., & Wang, M. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05478-5 · Cited by 3
Multi-target saponins in cancer therapy: Direct binding mechanisms and lipid-based nanoparticles as a synergistic solution
Kim, H. K., Kim, S. J., Gil, W. J., & Yang, C. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.169109 · Cited by 2
Natural Compounds as Potential Therapeutics for Pancreatic Cancer: A Narrative Review
Lin, X., Li, T., Du, R.-X., Li, G., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/0113892002393013250812093213 · Cited by 2
Preclinical Evidence on Plant-Derived Aphrodisiacs and Male Reproductive Function: Mechanisms, Hormonal Modulation, and Translational Implications
Edah, M., Oritsemuelebi, B., Prosper, A. E., Asiwe, J. N., Parisi, C., Pane, C., Guerriero, G., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2026) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-026-00447-0 · Cited by 2
Targeting TLR4 in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
Dong, S., Lu, J., Wu, L., Wang, S., 宫玉波, Hu, J., Liu, Y., & Chen, X. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.116780 · Cited by 2
Multi-Dimensional Mechanisms and Druggability Optimization Strategies of Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Fan, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Chang, Z., Wang, N., Fan, S., Li, Z. J., Xu, X., Zhao, C., & Li, X. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19070977 · Cited by 2
Metabolic Profiling and Pharmacokinetics Characterization of Yinhua Pinggan Granules with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Gu, N., Wan, H., Yalkun, I., He, Y., Lu, Y., Li, C., & Wan, H. (2025) · Separations · doi:10.3390/separations12050113 · Cited by 1
Development of electrospun eudragit/PEG nanofibers embedded with ginseng for skin wound healing applications: The key role of PEG and ginseng content
Shahpouri, M., Ghiasvand, S., Ghorbani, M., Ramezani, S., Khoshkalampour, A., & Moghadam, F. M. (2025) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113048 · Cited by 1
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Potential of Montanoa bipinnatifida C. Koch Leaf Extract: Promising Bioactives for Pharmaceutical Applications
Gallegos-Hernández, V. E., Garcia-Valdés, E., Vargas-Torrico, M. F., Medina-Mendoza, G. G., Aragón, P. V., & Jaime-Fonseca, M. R. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15050598 · Cited by 1
Processing Effects on Quinoa Protein Digestibility and Functional Properties: A Comprehensive Review
Bravo-Reyes, C., Opazo‐Navarrete, M., Chacón-Fuentes, M., Burgos‐Díaz, C., Armijo-Godoy, G., Domínguez-Valencia, R., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2026) · Current Food Science and Technology Reports · doi:10.1007/s43555-026-00088-w · Cited by 1
Astragalus and Cordyceps Derivatives in the Treatment of Aging-Related Chronic Diseases and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Kanubaddi, K. R., Yaung, C.-L., Harn, H., Chiou, T., Hsu, S.-X., Wijaya, I., Lin, S.-Z., & Wei, W. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125273 · Cited by 1
A tri-target in silico analysis of Testolift: a nutraceutical formulation targeting aromatase, myostatin, and prolyl hydroxylase-2 in testosterone regulation and muscle performance
Amalraj, A., Narayanan, V. A., Reshna, K. R., C., K. V. A., Balakrishnan, P., & Gopi, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-57541-y · Cited by 1
Caulophyllum robustum Maxim in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological mechanisms
Yu, X., He, L., Li, G., Yuyan, G., Kuang, H., & Lv, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1863086 · Cited by 1
Molecular dynamics simulation in traditional Chinese medicine research: from molecular mechanisms to multiscale validation
Zhou, X., Du, H., Yang, H., Hu, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, M., Ding, X., & Wang, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2026.1879034 · Cited by 1
UHPLC‐MS/MS‐Based Quantification of 14 Renshen Guben Oral Liquid–Related Constituents in Cancer Patients With Neutropenia
Wu, M., Ji, Z., Dong, Y., Liu, S., Diao, S., Wang, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, B., Rong, D., Xu, W., et al. (2026) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.70089 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
Zhang, Y., Dong, H., Zhu, Y., Wang, W., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Nanotechnology Reviews · doi:10.1515/ntrev-2024-0063 · Cited by 1
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Effects of Oral Centella asiatica Extract on Skin Aging-Related Parameters in Middle-Aged Korean Women.
Hur, N., Seo, Y., Bae, J., Kim, Y. J., Kim, E. J., & Choi, Y. J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18101505
Influence of saponin tauroside Sx1 on lifespan and expression of vitamin D receptors in the liver tissue of mice with influenza infection
Sataieva, T., Malygina, V., Makalish, T. P., Kriventsov, M. A., & Gurtovaya, A. (2024) · Drug development & registration · doi:10.33380/2305-2066-2024-13-4-1857
Saponins and Their Role as Vaccine Adjuvant Against Coccidiosis in Poultry
Alsayeqh, A. F. (2025) · Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.9775/kvfd.2025.34196
Review: Utilization of Polyherbal Extracts in the Development of Microparticulate Systems for Drug Delivery
Santoso, R., Kintoko, K., & Sugihartini, N. (2026) · Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i01.002
Interacciones entre saponinas y medicamentos: un análisis integral de su impacto en la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia
Ayasta, E. R. V., Ramírez, M. R. H. B., Jara, C. I. A., Mori, F. M. L. V., & Tirado, V. R. B. (2025) · Religación Press eBooks · doi:10.46652/religacionpress.388.c744
Effects of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng Saponins Extract on the Pharmacokinetics of Whey Protein Absorption, Intestinal Permeability, and Muscle Function: A Pilot Study
Zhuang, S.-R., Yen, C., Lin, K.-Y., & Shen, Y. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18030504
Glycoside Compounds from Blood-Nourishing Chinese Medicinal Herbs: Structural Characteristics, Pharmacological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential for Thrombocytopenia
Tang, J., Li, H., Du, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Du, X., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31050894
Biological activities and bioactive constituents of Flammulina velutipes : An updated systematic review
Özgen, R., Şöhretoğlu, D., & Kuruüzüm‐Uz, A. (2026) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.70609
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products Targeting Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Toward Precision Cardiometabolic Therapy
Wu, Y., Tang, Z., & Yao, H. (2026) · iNew Medicine · doi:10.1002/inm3.70045
Dietary Saponin-Mediated Health Promotion: Unraveling the Molecular Mechanism through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Luo, J., Luo, J., Huang, Y., Lei, Q., Wu, Y., Han, B., & Xu, B. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17741
Natural Products in Endometrial Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, Preclinical Evidence, and Clinical Perspectives
Wu, H.-C., Tsai, C., & Kuo, C. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48040408
Pharmacokinetics and Exploratory Exposure–Response Analysis of Chikusetsusaponin IVa in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion-Injured Rats
Shuai, X., Wang, H. Y., Luo, J., Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, L., Liu, Z. H., & Cheng, Y. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19050749
Saponarin: Therapeutic Potential, Pharmacological Insights, and Future Directions
Abdel-Rasol, M. A., & El-Sayed, W. M. (2026) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.70339
Extraction techniques, mechanistic insights for gut health, microbiota modulation, and industrial applications of diosgenin
Rao, T., Abbas, A., Bilal, M., Shabbir, H., Zubairi, M. N., Hussain, A., & Elkhedir, A. E. E. (2026) · Discover Chemistry. · doi:10.1007/s44371-026-00842-y
In Silico and Experimental Evidence for Theasaponin E2 as a Modulator of the AKT1/GSK-3β Signaling Axis in Osteoclast Differentiation
Zhang, L., Ding, Y., Bao, X., & Deepak, V. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27209255
Simultaneous determination and ADME profiling of betulinic and ursolic acids from Avicennia marina in Wistar rats
Joshi, M., Shailajan, S., & -, S. M. (2026) · Discover Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44395-026-00052-6
Multimodal Bioactive Approaches in Smart Dressings for Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Zhang, J., Qin, W., Wang, X., Yue, W., Yan, J., Zong, J., & Xu, G. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s625602
The potential effects, mechanisms and translational perspectives of natural products in the treatment of atopic dermatitis
邵昌玉, Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., Wu, Y., Cong, L., Zhao, M., & Ren, T. (2026) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-026-01497-8
Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms as a Functional Botanical Resource: A Quality-Gated Framework Linking Phytochemistry, Extraction Engineering, Bioactivity, and Application-Specific Development
Huynh, P. K., Huynh, H. D., Nargotra, P., & Kuo, C. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16209990
Natural Medicines Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: A Narrative Review of Cellular and Molecular Events
Kmail, M., Suaidi, N. A., Chin, J. H., Lim, L. W., & Wong, K.-H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27219623

Authors: Ma, Y., Zhao, Y., Luo, M., Jiang, Q., Liu, S., Jia, Q., Bai, Z., Wu, F., & Xie, J.
Affiliations: Zunyi Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author: Wu, Faming
Xie, Jian
ORCID: Jia, Qi
Bai, Zhixun
Wu, Faming
Xie, Jian
Venue: Frontiers in Pharmacology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2024-05-07
Volume: 15
Pages: 1393409-1393409
ISSN: 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393409
PMC: PMC11106373
OpenAlex: W4396700405
Cited by: 44
References: 132
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 3
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060687)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Analysis
Keywords: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, ginsenosides, colon-targeted drug delivery, osmotic pump, plasma concentration fluctuation, combination therapy, clinical validation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

Advancements and challenges in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on the traditional Chinese medicine saponins: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Figures

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks

Data sources