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Cited by 110Polysaccharides Composition and ApplicationsSeaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsPolysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls

Structural diversity in galactans from red seaweeds and its influence on rheological properties.

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Ciancia, Marina, Matulewicz, María Cristina, Tuvikene, Rando·2020·Frontiers in Plant Science
DOI 10.3389/fpls.2020.559986PMC PMC7511586
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Abstract

Galactans are important components of many plant cell walls. Besides, they are the major polysaccharides in extracellular matrixes from different seaweeds, and other marine organisms, which have an acidic character due to the presence of sulfate groups in their structures. In particular, most of the red seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated galactans with very special linear backbones, constituted by alternating (13)--D-galactopyranose units (A-unit) and (14)--galactopyranose residues (B-unit). In the industrially significant seaweeds as source of hydrocolloids, B-units belong either to the D-series and they produce carrageenans (as in the order Gigartinales), or to the L-series, and they are sources of agarose and/or structurally related polymers (i.e., Gelidiales, Gracilariales). In both cases, the latter units appear as cyclized 3,6-anhydro--galactose in certain amounts, which can be increased by alkaline cyclization of -galactose 6-sulfate units. Besides, it has been clearly shown that some red algae produce different amounts of both galactan structures, known as D/L-hybrids. It is not yet clear if they comprise both diasteromeric types of units in the same molecule, or if they are mixtures of carrageenans and agarans that are very difficult to separate. It has been reported that the biosynthesis of these galactans, showing that the nucleotide transport for D-galactopyranose units is UDP-D-Gal, while for L-galactose, it is GDP-L-Gal, so, there is a different pathway in the biosynthesis of agarans. However, at least in those seaweeds that produce carrageenans as major galactans, but also agarans, both synthetic pathways should coexist. Another interesting characteristic of these galactans is the important variation in the sulfation patterns, which modulate their physical behavior in aqueous solutions. Although the most common carrageenans are of the κ/- and λ-types (with A-units sulfated at the 4- and 2-positions, respectively) and usually in agarans, when sulfated, is at the 6-position, many other sulfate arrangements have been reported, greatly influencing the functional properties of the corresponding galactans. Other substituents can modify their structures, as methyl ethers, pyruvic acid ketals, acetates, and single stubs of xylose or other monosaccharides. It has been shown that structural heterogeneity at some extent is essential for the proper functional performance of red algal galactans.

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  • Rhodophytes, predominantly species in the Gigartinales (e.g., Hypnea musciformis), produce carrageenan, which is widely used as a food additive.

    “Rhodophytes, predominantly species in the Gigartinales (e.g., Hypnea musciformis), also produce the compound carrageenan, which is widely used as a food additive (Tobacman, 2001;Ciancia et al., 2020).”

    From Novel Lethal Clostridial Infection in Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris): Cause of the 2013 Unusual Mortality Event in the Indian River Lagoon (2022) · cites this paper as Ciancia et al., 2020

    The Carrageenans section says Hypnea musciformis produces large amounts of κ-carrageenan and places its family among the carrageenan-producing Gigartinales. The Concluding Remarks say carrageenans are produced in major quantities only by algae from that order. Our copy does not state that carrageenan is widely used as a food additive. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ciancia, M., Matulewicz, M. C., & Tuvikene, R.
Affiliations
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
  • Tallinn University (EE)
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Plant Science
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-09-10
Volume
11
Pages
559986-559986
ISSN
1664-462X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpls.2020.559986
PMC
PMC7511586
OpenAlex
W3085778988
Cited by
110
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6
FWCI
0.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Plant Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Conicet (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • European Commission (2014‐2020, 2020 ‘, 2014-2020.4.01.16-0033, 2018-2021)
  • Eesti Teadusagentuur (2014-2020, PUT1406)
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (11220130100762CO, UBACYT 2018, 22920160100068CO, PIP 112, 2018-2021, 2014–2016, PIP 112-2015 01-00510, 112-201501-00510)
  • Universidad de Buenos Aires (2018-2021, CONICET, UBACYT 2018)
  • European Regional Development Fund (2014-2020’, 2014-2020.4.01.16-0033)
  • Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (2014-2016, 2018-2021, 20020170100347BA, UBACYT 2018)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Keywords
galactan, red algae, sulfated polysaccharides, carrageenan, agarose, hydrocolloids, rheological properties

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