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Drying temperatures affect the qualitative–quantitative variation of aromatic profiling in Anethum graveolens L. ecotypes as an industrial–medicinal–vegetable plant

Farmanpour Kalalagh, Karim, Mohebodini, Mehdi, Fattahi, Reza, Beyraghdar Kashkooli, Arman, Davarpanah Dizaj, Sanaz, Salehifar, Fatemeh, Mokhtari, Amir Mohammad·2023·Frontiers in Plant Science
DOI 10.3389/fpls.2023.1137840PMC PMC10214840
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Abstract

Introduction: There are several factors that affect the quality and quantity of active ingredients and essential oil (EO) content, including pre and postharvest practices such as drying conditions. One of the most important factors in drying is temperature and then selective drying temperature (DT). In general, DT has a direct effect on the aromatic properties of Anethum graveolens. Methods: On this basis, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different DTs on the aroma profile of A. graveolens ecotypes. Results and discussion: The results showed that different DTs, ecotypes, and their interaction significantly affect EO content and composition. The highest EO yield was obtained from the Parsabad ecotype (1.86%) followed by the Ardabil ecotype (1.4%), both at 40° C. More than 60 EO compounds were identified, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, highlighting α-Phellandrene, Germacrene D, and Dill apiole as major components in all treatments. Besides α-Phellandrene, the major EO compounds at shad drying (ShD) were β-Phellandrene and p-Cymene, while plant parts dried at 40° C showed l-Limonene and Limonene as the main constituents, and Dill apiole was detected in greater amounts in the samples dried at 60 °C. To determine the appropriate DT, simple and factorial based-ANOVA together multivariate analysis demonstrated significant differences in the compounds produced under different DTs. The results indicated that more EO compounds, mainly monoterpenes, were extracted at ShD than other DTs. On the other hand, the content and composition of sesquiterpenes increased significantly when DT was increased to 60 °C. From the genetic backgrounds point of view, the Parsabad ecotype (with 12 similar compounds) and Esfahan ecotype (with 10 similar compounds) were the most suitable ecotypes under all DTs in terms of EO compounds. Accordingly, the present study would help various industries to optimize specific DT(s) to obtain special EO compound(s) from different A. graveolens ecotypes based on commercial requirements.

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Figure 1 Satellite schematic location of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes planting field by using "Google Earth" computer program.
Figure 1 Satellite schematic location of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes planting field by using "Google Earth" computer program.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Separate mean comparison of two identified compounds in significant six dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes according to 6 (ecotypes) × 3 (drying temperatures) factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).
Figure 2 Separate mean comparison of two identified compounds in significant six dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes according to 6 (ecotypes) × 3 (drying temperatures) factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Ardabil dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).
Figure 3 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Ardabil dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Bushehr dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).
Figure 4 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Bushehr dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Esfahan dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).
Figure 5 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Esfahan dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Kerman dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).
Figure 6 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Kerman dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Mashhad dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).
Figure 7 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Mashhad dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Parsabad dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).
Figure 8 Mean comparison of significant compounds in Parsabad dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Component plots in rotated space for evaluating of three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C) on dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes.
Figure 9 Component plots in rotated space for evaluating of three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C) on dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Cluster dendrogram of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes separately in shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C drying temperatures (cluster cut line at 5 CASE Label Num) (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).
Figure 10 Cluster dendrogram of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes separately in shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C drying temperatures (cluster cut line at 5 CASE Label Num) (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Venn plot for the number of increased/decreased similar/dissimilar identified essential oil compounds in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under shade drying (ShD) (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).
Figure 11 Venn plot for the number of increased/decreased similar/dissimilar identified essential oil compounds in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under shade drying (ShD) (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Venn plots for the number of increased/decreased similar/dissimilar identified essential oil compounds in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C) as temperature raised (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).
Figure 12 Venn plots for the number of increased/decreased similar/dissimilar identified essential oil compounds in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes under three drying temperatures (shade drying (ShD), 40°C, and 60°C) as temperature raised (A, Ardabil; M, Mashhad; E, Esfahan; P, Parsabad; B, Bushehr; K, Kerman ecotypes).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Farmanpour Kalalagh, K., Mohebodini, M., Fattahi, R., Beyraghdar Kashkooli, A., Davarpanah Dizaj, S., Salehifar, F., & Mokhtari, A. M.
Venue
Frontiers in Plant Science
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-05-12
Volume
14
ISSN
1664-462X
DOI
10.3389/fpls.2023.1137840
PMC
PMC10214840
Cited by
9
References
1
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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Farmanpour Kalalagh, K., Mohebodini, M., Fattahi, R., Beyraghdar Kashkooli, A., Davarpanah Dizaj, S., Salehifar, F., & Mokhtari, A. M. (2023). Drying temperatures affect the qualitative–quantitative variation of aromatic profiling in Anethum graveolens L. ecotypes as an industrial–medicinal–vegetable plant. Frontiers in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1137840