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Zero-Sum Bias: Perceived Competition Despite Unlimited Resources

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Meegan, Daniel V.·2010·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00191PMC PMC3153800

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Abstract

Zero-sum bias describes intuitively judging a situation to be zero-sum (i.e., resources gained by one party are matched by corresponding losses to another party) when it is actually non-zero-sum. The experimental participants were students at a university where students' grades are determined by how the quality of their work compares to a predetermined standard of quality rather than to the quality of the work produced by other students. This creates a non-zero-sum situation in which high grades are an unlimited resource. In three experiments, participants were shown the grade distribution after a majority of the students in a course had completed an assigned presentation, and asked to predict the grade of the next presenter. When many high grades had already been given, there was a corresponding increase in low grade predictions. This suggests a zero-sum bias, in which people perceive a competition for a limited resource despite unlimited resource availability. Interestingly, when many low grades had already been given, there was not a corresponding increase in high grade predictions. This suggests that a zero-sum heuristic is only applied in response to the allocation of desirable resources. A plausible explanation for the findings is that a zero-sum heuristic evolved as a cognitive adaptation to enable successful intra-group competition for limited resources. Implications for understanding inter-group interaction are also discussed.

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Authors: Meegan, D. V.
Affiliations: University of Guelph (CA)
Corresponding author: Meegan, Daniel V.
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2010
Volume: 1
Pages: 191-191
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00191
PMC: PMC3153800
OpenAlex: W2030747588
Cited by: 114
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 0.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: perceived competition, grade prediction, grade distribution, cognitive adaptation, intergroup interaction, resource allocation, social cognition

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Zero-Sum Bias: Perceived Competition Despite Unlimited Resources

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