The relationship of sex and sexual orientation to self-esteem, body shape satisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology
Open accessAbstract
There is increasing interest in understanding what role, if any, sex and sexual orientation play in body dissatisfaction, its correlates to distress, and its relationship to disordered eating. The goals of the present study were to examine: (a) differences in sex and sexual orientation in internalization of societal pressure to modify physical appearance, components of body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and eating disorder symptomatology and (b) whether the internalization-eating disorder symptomatology was mediated by the different components of body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem. The present data support several key trends in the literature: men generally reported less body dissatisfaction, internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty, drive for thinness, and disordered eating, but a greater drive for muscularity than women; results also indicated that different components of body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between internalization and eating disorder symptomatology. Gay men reported significantly more body dissatisfaction, internalization, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity than heterosexual men. Compared to heterosexual women, lesbians reported increased drive for muscularity, lower self-esteem, and lower internalization; however, they did not significantly differ on body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness or disordered eating. Correlation coefficients between body shape dissatisfaction and several aspects of mental distress were significantly larger for gay men than heterosexual men; the same coefficients did not differ between lesbian women and heterosexual women. Results of path analyses indicated that the relationship between internalization and disordered eating differs for gay and heterosexual men but not for lesbian and heterosexual women. These results call attention to lesbians as a generally understudied population.
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Rural Primary Care Providers’ Experiences and Knowledge Regarding LGBTQ Health in a Midwestern State
Shaver, J., Sharma, A., & Stephenson, R. B. (2018) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12322 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cordes, M., Vocks, S., & Hartmann, A. S. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02087-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Aging male symptomatology and eating behavior
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Sexual Orientation, Peer Influence, Body Dissatisfaction, and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Italian Men
Matera, C., Nerini, A., & Stefanile, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01843 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rozzell‐Voss, K. N., Carter, C., Convertino, A. D., Gonzales, M., & Blashill, A. J. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Esthetic dermatology and emotional well‐being according to gender
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Psychological well-being in adolescents with excess weight
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Male body dissatisfaction scale (MBDS): proposal for a reduced model
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Klimek, P., Convertino, A. D., Gonzales, M., Roesch, S. C., & Blashill, A. J. (2021) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000472 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mahon, C., Fitzgerald, A., O’Reilly, A., McDermott, C. R., O’Connor, C., & Dooley, B. A. (2022) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2022.2130084 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Arsandaux, J., Boujut, É., Salamon, R., Tzourio, C., & Galéra, C. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112117 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kalash, N., Harb, H., Zeeni, N., Khoury-Malhame, M. E., & Mattar, L. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00810-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Longitudinal relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation
Grunewald, W., Ortiz, S. N., Kinkel‐Ram, S. S., & Smith, A. R. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12852 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Eating Disorders and Female Sexuality: Current Evidence-base and Future Implications
Leonidas, C., & dos Santos, M. A. (2020) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712020250109 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The sexism of men’s body dissatisfaction accounts
Jankowski, G. S. (2019) · Psychology of Women and Equalities Section Review · doi:10.53841/bpspowe.2019.2.1.38 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Correlates of disordered eating among gay men in Lebanon
Naamani, M., & Jamil, F. E. (2021) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101477 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence and muscularity-building behavior in latino sexual minority men
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Chan, R. C. H., Wong, E. M. Y., & Suen, Y. T. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108363 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Does the work environment matter? Sexual objectification and waitresses’ body dissatisfaction
Szymanski, D. M., & Mikorski, R. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ghaderi, A., Bulik, C. M., Myrälf, M., & Welch, E. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02383-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Explaining male body attitudes: the role of early peer emotional experiences and shame
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Gender, sexual orientation, academic self-concept and leadership
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Newins, A. R., Wilson, L. C., & Kanefsky, R. Z. (2020) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1729846 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Henriksen, H. A., Rozzell‐Voss, K. N., Pennesi, J., Askew, A. J., Convertino, A. D., & Blashill, A. J. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101822 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chan, L. S., & Wu-Ouyang, B. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01091-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Health Disparities Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults
Zalabak, A., & Gantioque, R. (2024) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2024.105295 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Chinese Sexual Minority Male Adolescents’ Suicidality and Body Mass Index
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Disordered eating in sexual minority post‐9/11 United States veterans
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Understanding eating disorder symptoms in same-gender couples: social environmental factors
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Fat and lean tissue accretion in relation to reward motivation in children
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Does it get better? Exploring “it gets better” videos using visual sociology
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The Annual Examination for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Patients
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Perceived Physical Attractiveness and Sexual Esteem Among Male and Female Adult
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- Authors
- Yean, C., Benau, E. M., Dakanalis, A., Hormes, J. M., Perone, J., & Timko, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of the Sciences (US)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- West Chester University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Timko, C. Alix
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 887-887
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3841718
- OpenAlex
- W2161576451
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- sexual orientation, sex differences, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, gay men, lesbians, disordered eating, mediation
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