Understanding Knowledgeable Workers’ Behavior Toward COVID-19 Information Sharing Through WhatsApp in Pakistan
Open accessAbstract
Using social media through mobile has become a major source of disseminating information; however, the motivations that impact social media users' intention and actual information-sharing behavior need further examination. To this backdrop, drawing on the uses and gratifications theory, theory of prosocial behavior, and theory of planned behavior, we aim to examine various motivations toward information-sharing behaviors in a specific context [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)]. We collected data from 388 knowledgeable workers through Google Forms and applied structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses. We noted that individuals behave seriously toward crisis-related information, as they share COVID-19 information on WhatsApp not only to be entertained and seek status or information but also to help others. Further, we noted norms of reciprocation, habitual diversion, and socialization as motivators that augment WhatsApp users' positive attitude toward COVID-19 information-sharing behavior.
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Scholars have examined information sharing and consumption on social media during the pandemic.
“For example, scholars have examined information sharing and consumption on social media during the pandemic (Apuke and Omar, 2020, 2021; Haman, 2020; Islam et al., 2020).”
From Virtual reality adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: A uses and gratifications perspective (2021) · cites this paper as Islam et al., 2020
The Introduction and Discussion describe a study of COVID-19 information sharing on WhatsApp and examine information seeking as a possible motivation for sharing. They do not describe a separate examination of information consumption, so the sharing portion is supported but the consumption portion is not. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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“During the confinement and the pandemic, the need for information meant that many people spent a lot of time using social networks (Islam et al., 2020; Lemenager et al., 2020).”
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“As such, interdependence and risk information sharing is important to create shared understandings and make informed decisions that support public health security (Islam et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2021; Rahimi & Abadi, 2020; Yang et al., 2021).”
BackgroundOnline Prosocial Behaviors: A Scoping Review of Definitions, Actions, and Motivators
Nuttall, M., Machin, T. M., Peel, R., Abel, S., & Brown, S. (2025) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2024.0481 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anser, M., Usman, B., Hyder, S., Nassani, A., Askar, S. E., Zaman, K., & Abro, M. M. Q. (2021) · Environmental science and pollution research international · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13873-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Qiao, T., & Liu, C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11101509 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, TPB has been frequently employed to investigate behaviors related to pandemic control [38], vaccination [39], physical exercises [40], healthy eating [41], health protective measures [42], health information-sharing [43], and other behaviors.”
MethodGong, Z., Gilal, F., Gilal, R., & Jahanzeb, A. (2023) · Global Knowledge Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-11-2022-0267 · Cited by 8
Wan, L., Lan, Y., Jian, J., & Liu, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1604727 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mazhar, B., Niu, J., Zhong, Q.-Y., & Haq, I. U. (2024) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2024.100155 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Warraich, N., Irfan, M., & Ali, I. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241242196 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Islam et al. (2020) also reported a non-significant impact of information-seeking in attitude toward behavior.”
InfluentialAjaj, R., Shahin, S., Moda, H., & Ali, S. A. S. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15042868 · Cited by 7
Wicaksana, A. L., Hafidz, F., Rosha, P. T., Susilaningrum, A. R., & Ramadhani, A. (2022) · Journal of Community Empowerment for Health · doi:10.22146/jcoemph.61899 · Cited by 6
Tang, Z., & Soltwisch, B. (2025) · Information Manager (The) · doi:10.1016/j.im.2025.104161 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Malik, A., Islam, T., Mahmood, K., & Arshad, A. (2024) · Library hi tech · doi:10.1108/lht-07-2023-0309 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationYaman, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1191631 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccination in Brazilian public security agents: are human values good predictors?
Torres, C., Longo, C. A. A., Macedo, F. G., & Faiad, C. (2023) · Policing: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-07-2022-0093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Understanding small-scale COVID-19 transmission dynamics with the Granger causality test
García, C. R., Briz-Redón, Á., Iftimi, A., Lozano, M., de Andrés, J., Landoni, G., & Zanin, M. (2023) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2023.2167799 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“sources of misinformation that can arise in this context.(36,37)”
BackgroundSchöberl, S., & Kieweg, P. (2021) · Kommunikation@gesellschaft · doi:10.15460/kommges.2021.22.1.837 · Cited by 3
Cheng, C., & Espanha, R. (2021) · Comunicação e Sociedade · doi:10.17231/comsoc.40(2021).3174 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Examining the information seeking and sharing activities in a virtual community of librarians
Agyemang, F. G. (2021) · Journal of Library and Information Sciences · doi:10.1177/09610006211037389 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Alluding to Islam et al. (2020), this could be inspired by the norm of reciprocity or the intention to help others especially in the situation where the world has been hit hard by the Covid 19 pandemic.”
BackgroundUnderstanding Public Support for Nonprofit Organizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Choi, M., Song, B., & Moon, W.-K. (2024) · International Journal of Strategic Communication · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2024.2331006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Most previous studies that have explored factors influencing the antecedents of the TPB have predominantly focused on cognition, such as gratifications (Islam et al., 2020), personal values (Wang et al., 2022), awareness of consequences (Shanka & Kotecho, 2022), and ethics (Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundIheanacho, P., Mbadugha, C., Anetekhai, C., ubah, C. I., Obiekwu, A., & Chukwujama, N. A. (2021) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-11-2020-0101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Information Behavior in COVID-19 Prevention: Does Anxiety among Indonesian Mothers Have an Effect?
Zahara, N., & Hidayat, Z. (2022) · doi:10.1633/jistap.2022.10.4.3 · Cited by 2
“Meanwhile, emotions are communicated through physiological reactions (e.g., excessive sweating), expressive reactions (e.g., laughing), behavioral tendencies (e.g., avoiding), and emotional experiences (e.g., feeling sad or fearful) (Izard, 2007; Kleinginna & Kleinginna, 1981).”
BackgroundBranding the Vote: The Strategic Role of Candidate Image in Political Marketing on Social Media
Moslehpour, M., Shalehah, A., Pham, V., & Walawalkar, A. (2026) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2026.2620061 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Khan, A., Ismail, M., & Gul, S. (2022) · Journal of Hospital Librarianship · doi:10.1080/15323269.2022.2055357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In a study on knowledge workers’ behavior toward coronavirus information sharing through social media, Islam noted that people behave seriously toward crisis-related information, as they share coronavirus information on WhatsApp not only to be entertained and seek status or information but also to help others (26).”
BackgroundNoreen, M., & Shah, S. S. H. (2026) · Journal of Global Social Transformation · doi:10.71317/jgst.2.10.2026.752
“While the biggest motivations behind this feature’s use are the norms of reciprocation, habitual diversion, and socialization (Islam et al., 2020).”
Hosain, M. S., Mustafi, M., & Liu, P. (2026) · Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research · doi:10.1007/s40497-025-00486-9
“As a result of the physical closure of almost all institutions, operational activities shifted to an online mode, thereby accelerating the development of information technology (Islam et al., 2020).”
Kleber, J., Hartl, B., Hofmann, E., & Gölly, K. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12441
Bashir, F., Warraich, N., & Malik, A. (2024) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669241280110
“Items were extracted from Chase et al. (2018), Hashmi et al. (2023), Islam et al. (2020), and Tagoe and Abakah (2014) under the theory of planned behavior (Annex A).”
An Analysis of Post COVID-19 Scenario using Data Science in Digital Marketing
Qazi, T. F., Niazi, A., Mirza, F., Basit, A., & Saleem, M. (2023) · Bulletin of business and economics · doi:10.61506/01.00138
PAKISTAN’S PERSPECTIVE ON COVID-19 VACCINES
Hassan, T., & Saleha, S. (2021) · Gomal journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.46903/gjms/19.03.1016
- Authors
- Islam, T., Mahmood, K., Sadiq, M., Usman, B., & Yousaf, S. U.
- Affiliations
- University of the Punjab (PK)
- Forman Christian College (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Islam, Talat
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-10-07
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 572526-572526
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7575735
- OpenAlex
- W3092423743
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 12.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Keywords
- WhatsApp, information sharing behavior, uses and gratifications theory, theory of planned behavior, prosocial behavior, social media use, socialization, crisis communication, Pakistan
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