Measuring Creative Self-Efficacy: An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Creative Self-Efficacy Scale
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Applying the graded response model within the item response theory framework, the present study analyzes the psychometric properties of Karwowski’s creative self-efficacy (CSE) scale. With an ethnically diverse sample of US college students, the results suggested that the six items of the CSE scale were well fitted to a latent unidimensional structure. The scale also had adequate measurement precision or reliability, high levels of item discrimination, and an appropriate range of item difficulty. Gender-based differential item functioning analyses confirmed that there were no differences in the measurement results of the scale concerning gender. Additionally, openness to experience was found to be positively related to the CSE scale scores, providing some support for the scale’s convergent validity. Collectively, these results confirmed the psychometric soundness of the CSE scale for measuring CSE and also identified avenues for future research.
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Openness to experience in humans is empirically linked to creativity across multiple studies.
“Openness to experience in humans is empirically linked to creativity across multiple studies45,46.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
The Analyses and Results section reports a positive association between openness to experience and creative self-efficacy (CSE), and the Discussion compares that correlation with findings from other studies. This supports a link across studies to CSE, but not the broader claim that openness is linked to creativity itself. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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References 49 · Cited by 71
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Karwowski M. (2009). I’m creative, but am I creative? Similarities and differences between self-evaluated small and big-C creativity in Poland. Korean J. Thinking Probl. Solving 19, 7– 29. 10.5964/ejop.v8i4.513 · DOI
- Karwowski M. Barbot B. (2016). “ Creative self-beliefs: their nature, development, and correlates,” in Cambridge Companion to Reason and Development. eds. Kaufman J. C. Baer J. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 302– 326.
- Nunnally J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. 2nd Edn. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Authors
- Shaw, A., Kapnek, M., & Morelli, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Macau (MO)
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, Amy
- ORCID
- Shaw, Amy
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-07-01
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 678033-678033
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8297998
- OpenAlex
- W3178106241
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Macau (SRG2018-00141-FSS)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- creative self-efficacy, scale validation, psychometric properties, graded response model, differential item functioning, gender differences, openness to experience, convergent validity, university students
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